1. Sun Tzu berkata: Seni perang sangat penting
untuk Negara.
2. Ini adalah masalah hidup dan mati, jalan yang baik
untuk keselamatan atau untuk menghancurkan. Karena itu adalah subjek penyelidikan
yang dapat pada account tidak akan diabaikan.
3. Seni perang, kemudian, diatur oleh lima konstan
faktor, untuk diperhitungkan dalam pembahasan kita,
saat berusaha menentukan kondisi memperoleh di lapangan.
4. Tersebut adalah: (1) Hukum Moral; (2) Surga; (3) Bumi;
(4) Panglima; (5) Metode dan disiplin.
5,6. Hukum Moral menyebabkan orang harus secara lengkap
sesuai dengan pemimpin mereka, sehingga mereka akan mengikutinya
terlepas dari kehidupan mereka, undismayed oleh bahaya.
7. Surga menandakan siang dan malam, dingin dan panas,
waktu dan musim.
8. Bumi terdiri dari jarak, besar dan kecil;
bahaya dan keamanan; tanah terbuka dan melewati sempit;
kemungkinan hidup dan mati.
9. Komandan singkatan dari kebajikan kebijaksanaan,
tulus, kebajikan, keberanian dan kekerasan.
10. Dengan metode dan disiplin harus dipahami
yang marshaling tentara di subdivisi yang tepat,
yang lulus dari peringkat di antara para perwira, pemeliharaan
jalan oleh yang memasok dapat mencapai tentara, dan
kontrol pengeluaran militer.
11. Kelima kepala harus akrab untuk setiap umum:
dia yang tahu mereka akan menang, ia yang tahu mereka
tidak akan gagal.
12. Oleh karena itu, dalam pembahasan Anda, ketika mencari
untuk menentukan kondisi militer, biarkan mereka dibuat
dasar perbandingan, dalam hal ini bijaksana: -
13. (1) Manakah di antara kedua penguasa dijiwai
dengan hukum moral?
(2) Manakah di antara dua jenderal memiliki kemampuan yang paling?
(3) Dengan siapa berbohong keuntungan berasal dari Surga
dan Bumi?
(4) Pada sisi adalah disiplin yang paling ketat diberlakukan?
(5) tentara yang lebih kuat?
(6) Pada sisi mana yang perwira dan laki-laki yang lebih terlatih?
(7) Dalam tentara yang ada konstan yang lebih besar
baik dalam pahala dan hukuman?
14. Dengan cara ini tujuh pertimbangan saya bisa
ramalan kemenangan atau kalah.
15. Jenderal yang hearkens akan bicaraku dan bertindak
atasnya, akan mengalahkan: membiarkan seperti yang dipertahankan dalam perintah!
Jenderal yang hearkens tidak akan bicaraku atau bertindak atasnya,
akan menderita kekalahan: - biarkan seperti yang dipecat!
16. Sementara pos laba dari pengacara saya,
faedah diri sendiri juga membantu setiap keadaan
atas dan di luar aturan biasa.
17. Menurut sebagai keadaan yang menguntungkan,
orang harus memodifikasi rencana seseorang.
18. Semua perang didasarkan pada tipu daya.
19. Karena itu, ketika mampu menyerang, kita harus tampak tidak;
bila menggunakan kekuatan kita, kita harus terlihat tidak aktif, ketika kita
yang dekat, kita harus membuat musuh percaya kita jauh;
saat jauh, kita harus membuat dia yakin bahwa kita sudah dekat.
20. Bertahan umpan untuk menarik perhatian musuh. Pura-pura gangguan,
dan menghancurkan dia.
21. Jika ia sudah aman di semua titik, akan disiapkan untuknya.
Jika ia adalah kekuatan yang unggul, menghindari dia.
22. Jika lawan dari marah mudah tersinggung, berusaha
kesal. Berpura-pura menjadi lemah, bahwa ia bisa tumbuh sombong.
23. Jika dia sedang santai, beri dia istirahat.
Jika pasukannya bersatu, pisahkan.
24. Serang dia mana dia tidak siap, muncul dimana
Anda tidak diharapkan.
25. Perangkat militer ini, yang menyebabkan kemenangan,
tidak boleh dibocorkan sebelumnya.
26. Sekarang umum yang memenangkan pertempuran membuat banyak
perhitungan dalam bait-Nya sebelum pertempuran ini berjuang.
Para jenderal yang kehilangan pertempuran membuat tetapi sedikit
perhitungan sebelumnya. Demikianlah banyak perhitungan
menyebabkan kemenangan, dan beberapa perhitungan untuk mengalahkan:
jauh lebih bagaimana perhitungan sama sekali! Ini adalah dengan perhatian
titik ini yang saya bisa meramal siapa yang akan menang atau kalah.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
II. Berperang
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Pada operasi perang,
mana ada di lapangan seribu kereta cepat,
sebagai kereta banyak berat, dan seratus ribu
prajurit yg memakai baju zirah, cukup dengan ketentuan untuk membawa mereka
seribu li, pengeluaran di rumah dan di bagian depan,
termasuk hiburan para tamu, benda-benda kecil seperti
lem dan cat, dan jumlah yang dibelanjakan untuk kereta dan baja,
akan mencapai jumlah seribu ons perak per hari.
Tersebut adalah biaya membesarkan pasukan 100.000 orang.
2. Bila Anda terlibat dalam pertempuran yang sebenarnya, jika kemenangan
sudah lama datang, maka senjata pria akan tumbuh kusam dan
semangat mereka akan teredam. Jika Anda mengepung kota,
Anda akan menghabiskan kekuatan Anda.
3. Lagi-lagi, jika kampanye tersebut berlarut-larut, sumber daya
Negara tidak akan sama dengan tekanan.
4. Sekarang, ketika Anda senjata tumpul, semangat Anda teredam,
kekuatan Anda lelah dan menghabiskan hartamu,
kepala suku lain akan bermunculan untuk mengambil keuntungan
ekstremitas Anda. Lalu orang tidak, namun bijaksana,
akan dapat mencegah konsekuensi yang harus berlangsung.
5. Jadi, meskipun kami telah mendengar tergesa-gesa bodoh dalam perang,
kepintaran belum pernah dilihat terkait dengan penundaan yang lama.
6. Tidak ada contoh dari sebuah negara yang memiliki manfaat
perang berkepanjangan dari.
7. Hanya orang yang benar-benar berkenalan
dengan kejahatan perang yang benar-benar dapat memahami
cara menguntungkan tercatat pada.
8. Prajurit terampil tidak meningkatkan retribusi kedua,
Begitu juga pasokan-wagon dimuat lebih dari dua kali.
9. Perang membawa bahan dengan Anda dari rumah, tapi hijauan
pada musuh. Dengan demikian tentara akan memiliki cukup makanan
untuk kebutuhan tersebut.
10. Kemiskinan oleh bendahara negara menyebabkan tentara
yang harus dijaga oleh kontribusi dari kejauhan.
Berkontribusi untuk mempertahankan pasukan di sebuah menyebabkan jarak
masyarakat untuk menjadi miskin.
11. Di sisi lain, kedekatan suatu pasukan tentara menyebabkan
harga untuk naik, dan harga yang tinggi menyebabkan rakyat
substansi yang akan terkuras habis.
12. Ketika substansi mereka terkuras habis, petani
akan menderita oleh exactions berat.
13,14. Dengan hilangnya substansi dan kelelahan
kekuatan, rumah rakyat akan tercabik,
dan tiga per sepuluh dari pendapatan mereka akan hilang;
sedangkan beban pemerintah untuk kereta rusak, kuda usang,
payudara-piring dan helm, busur dan panah, tombak dan perisai,
mantel pelindung, gerobak sapi dan draft-berat,
akan berjumlah empat per sepuluh dari total pendapatan.
15. Oleh karena itu seorang jenderal yang bijaksana membuat titik makan
pada musuh. Salah satu ketentuan segerobak penuh musuh
adalah setara dengan dua puluh sendiri, dan juga
satu pikul makanan tunggal nya adalah setara dengan dua puluh
dari toko sendiri.
16. Sekarang dalam rangka membunuh musuh, orang-orang kita harus
menggerakkan dirinya untuk marah; bahwa mungkin ada keuntungan dari
mengalahkan musuh, mereka harus memiliki manfaat mereka.
17. Oleh karena itu dalam memerangi kereta, ketika sepuluh atau lebih kereta
telah diambil, mereka harus dihargai yang mengambil yang pertama.
bendera kita sendiri harus diganti bagi musuh,
dan kereta berbaur dan digunakan bersama dengan kita.
Para prajurit harus ditangkap dan diperlakukan baik terus.
18. Ini disebut, menggunakan menaklukkan musuh untuk meningkatkan
salah satu kekuatan sendiri.
19. Dalam perang, kemudian, biarkan objek besar Anda akan kemenangan,
tidak panjang kampanye.
20. Jadi bisa diketahui bahwa pemimpin tentara
adalah wasit nasib rakyat, laki-laki di siapa
tergantung apakah bangsa akan damai atau bahaya.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
III. SERANGAN OLEH tipu
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Dalam seni praktis perang, yang terbaik
hal dari semua ini adalah untuk mengambil negara musuh utuh dan utuh;
hancur dan menghancurkannya tidak begitu baik. Demikian juga, itu
lebih baik untuk merebut kembali seluruh tentara daripada menghancurkannya,
untuk menangkap satu resimen, detasemen atau perusahaan seluruh
daripada untuk menghancurkan mereka.
2. Maka untuk melawan dan menaklukkan dalam semua pertempuran Anda
tidak keunggulan tertinggi; keunggulan tertinggi terdiri
dalam memecahkan perlawanan musuh tanpa pertempuran.
3. Jadi bentuk tertinggi keahlian militer adalah
menggagalkan rencana musuh; yang terbaik berikutnya adalah untuk mencegah
persimpangan pasukan musuh, yang berikutnya
Urutan untuk menyerang tentara musuh di lapangan;
dan kebijakan terburuk dari semua adalah untuk mengepung kota bertembok.
4. Peraturannya adalah, tidak untuk mengepung kota bertembok jika
mungkin dapat dihindari. Penyusunan mantlets,
tempat penampungan bergerak, dan menerapkan berbagai perang, akan mengambil
tiga bulan keseluruhan; dan menumpuk gundukan atas
dinding akan memakan waktu tiga bulan lagi.
5. Tersebut, secara umum tidak mampu mengendalikan kejengkelannya,
akan meluncurkan anak buahnya untuk penyerangan seperti semut dipenuhi,
dengan hasil bahwa sepertiga anak buahnya yang gugur,
sementara kota itu masih tetap untaken. Tersebut adalah bencana
dampak pengepungan.
6. Oleh karena itu pemimpin terampil menundukkan musuh
pasukan tanpa pertempuran apa pun, ia menangkap kota-kota mereka
tanpa petelur mengepung mereka, ia menggulingkan kerajaan mereka
tanpa operasi panjang di lapangan.
7. Dengan kekuatan yang utuh ia akan perselisihan penguasaan
Kekaisaran, dan dengan demikian, tanpa kehilangan seorang pria, kemenangannya
akan lengkap. Ini adalah metode menyerang dengan tipu.
8. Ini adalah aturan dalam perang, jika pasukan kita sepuluh
untuk musuh satu, mengelilingi dia; jika lima sampai satu,
untuk menyerang dia, jika dua kali sebagai banyak, tentara kita membagi
menjadi dua.
9. Jika sama-sama cocok, kita dapat menawarkan pertempuran;
jika dalam jumlah sedikit inferior, kita dapat menghindari musuh;
jika cukup tidak setara dalam segala hal, kita bisa lari dari padanya.
10. Oleh karena itu, meskipun perjuangan keras kepala dapat dibuat
oleh kekuatan kecil, pada akhirnya harus ditangkap
oleh gaya yang lebih besar.
11. Sekarang jenderal adalah benteng pertahanan Negara;
jika benteng selesai pada semua titik, Negara akan
menjadi kuat, jika benteng yang rusak, negara akan
menjadi lemah.
12. Ada tiga cara yang dapat membawa penggaris
kemalangan pada pasukannya: -
13. (1) Dengan memerintahkan tentara untuk maju atau mundur,
yang peduli terhadap kenyataan bahwa ia tidak dapat taat.
Ini disebut terpincang-pincang tentara.
14. (2) Dengan mencoba untuk mengatur tentara di
cara yang sama seperti dia mengelola suatu kerajaan, menjadi bodoh
kondisi yang diperoleh dalam angkatan bersenjata. Hal ini menyebabkan
gelisah dalam benak para prajurit.
15. (3) Dengan menerapkan perwira pasukannya
tanpa diskriminasi, melalui ketidaktahuan tentang
militer prinsip adaptasi dengan keadaan.
Getar ini kepercayaan dari tentara.
16. Tetapi ketika tentara gelisah dan tidak percaya,
masalah pasti datang dari pangeran feodal lainnya.
Hal ini hanya membawa anarki ke tentara, dan melemparkan
kemenangan jauh.
17. Jadi kita bisa tahu bahwa ada lima hal penting
untuk kemenangan:
(1) Dia akan menang yang tahu kapan harus berjuang dan kapan
tidak melawan.
(2) Dia akan menang yang tahu bagaimana menangani keduanya superior
dan inferior kekuatan.
(3) Dia akan menang yang tentara adalah animasi oleh yang sama
semangat seluruh jajaran perusahaan.
(4) Dia akan menang siapa, mempersiapkan dirinya, menunggu untuk mengambil
musuh tidak siap.
(5) Dia akan menang yang memiliki kapasitas militer dan
tidak diganggu oleh sultan.
18. Oleh karena itu berkata: Jika Anda tahu musuh
dan tahu diri sendiri, Anda tidak perlu takut hasil dari
seratus pertempuran. Jika Anda tahu sendiri tetapi tidak musuh,
untuk setiap kemenangan yang diperoleh Anda juga akan menderita kekalahan.
Jika kamu tidak tahu akan musuh maupun diri sendiri, Anda akan
mengalah dalam setiap pertempuran.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
IV. TAKTIS disposisi
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Yang baik pejuang pertama yang ditaruh tua
sendiri di luar kemungkinan kekalahan, dan kemudian
menunggu kesempatan mengalahkan musuh.
2. Untuk mengamankan diri terhadap kekalahan terletak pada kami
tangan sendiri, tetapi kesempatan mengalahkan musuh
disediakan oleh musuh sendiri.
3. Jadi pejuang yang baik mampu mengamankan dirinya sendiri terhadap kekalahan,
tetapi tidak bisa membuat tertentu mengalahkan musuh.
4. Oleh karena itu berkata: Seseorang mungkin tahu bagaimana menaklukkan
tanpa bisa melakukannya.
5. Keamanan terhadap kekalahan berarti taktik defensif;
kemampuan untuk mengalahkan musuh berarti mengambil serangan.
6. Berdiri pada defensif cukup menunjukkan
kekuatan; menyerang, seorang berlimpah-limpahnya kekuatan.
7. Jenderal yang terampil dalam menyembunyikan pertahanan di
paling rahasia ceruk bumi, ia yang terampil dalam
berkedip serangan balik dari ketinggian paling atas surga.
Dengan demikian di satu sisi kita memiliki kemampuan untuk melindungi diri;
di sisi lain, kemenangan yang lengkap.
8. Untuk melihat kemenangan hanya bila dalam ken yang
dari kawanan umum adalah bukan puncak keunggulan.
9. Baik itu di puncak keunggulan jika Anda melawan
dan menaklukkan dan seluruh Kekaisaran berkata, "Bagus!"
10. Untuk mengangkat sebuah rambut musim gugur adalah tanda-tanda kekuatan besar;
untuk melihat matahari dan bulan tidak terlihat tanda tajam;
mendengar bunyi guruh ada tanda telinga cepat.
11. Apa yang dahulu disebut pejuang cerdas adalah
yang tidak hanya menang, tetapi unggul dalam memenangkan dengan mudah.
12. Oleh karena itu kemenangan itu tidak membawa dia reputasi
untuk kebijaksanaan atau kredit untuk keberanian.
13. Dia memenangkan pertempuran nya dengan membuat kesalahan.
Tidak membuat kesalahan yang menetapkan kepastian
kemenangan, karena hal itu berarti menaklukkan musuh yang
sudah dikalahkan.
14. Oleh karena itu pejuang terampil menempatkan dirinya menjadi
posisi yang membuat kekalahan tidak mungkin, dan tidak
lewatkan saat ini untuk mengalahkan musuh.
15. Jadi, bahwa dalam strategi menang perang
hanya mencari pertempuran setelah kemenangan telah menang,
sedangkan dia yang ditakdirkan untuk mengalahkan perkelahian pertama
dan setelah itu mencari kemenangan.
16. Pemimpin memupuk sempurna hukum moral,
dan ketat melaksanakan metode dan disiplin, sehingga merupakan
dalam kekuasaannya untuk mengendalikan keberhasilan.
17. Dalam hal metode militer, yang kita miliki,
pertama, Pengukuran, kedua, Perkiraan kuantitas;
ketiga, Perhitungan; keempat, Balancing kesempatan;
kelima, Victory.
18. Pengukuran berutang keberadaannya ke Bumi;
Estimasi kuantitas untuk Pengukuran; Perhitungan untuk
Estimasi kuantitas; Perimbangan kesempatan untuk Perhitungan;
dan Kemenangan untuk Menyeimbangkan kesempatan.
19. Seorang tentara menang lawan mengalahkan satu, adalah sebagai
berat setengah kilo yang ditempatkan dalam skala terhadap sebutir.
20. The deru laju pasukan menaklukkan seperti pecahnya
air tertahan ke jurang yang dalam seribu depa.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
V. ENERGI
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Kontrol kekuatan besar
adalah prinsip yang sama sebagai kontrol pada beberapa orang:
itu hanyalah pertanyaan dari membagi jumlah mereka.
2. Pertempuran dengan pasukan besar di bawah perintah Anda
adalah sekali-kali tidak berbeda dari pertempuran dengan yang kecil:
itu hanyalah masalah melembagakan tanda dan sinyal.
3. Untuk memastikan bahwa seluruh host Anda dapat menahan
bagian terberat dari serangan musuh dan tetap tak tergoyahkan -
ini dipengaruhi oleh manuver langsung dan tidak langsung.
4. Bahwa dampak dari tentara Anda mungkin seperti sebuah batu asah
menabrak telur - ini dilakukan dengan ilmu
titik-titik lemah dan kuat.
5. Dalam pertempuran semua, metode langsung dapat digunakan
untuk bergabung dengan pertempuran, tetapi metode tidak langsung akan dibutuhkan
dalam rangka untuk mengamankan kemenangan.
6. taktik tidak langsung, efisien diterapkan, adalah habis-habisnya
sebagai Surga dan Bumi, tak terbatas sebagai aliran sungai dan sungai;
seperti matahari dan bulan, mereka akhirnya namun untuk memulai kehidupan baru;
seperti empat musim, mereka meninggal untuk kembali sekali lagi.
7. Tidak lebih dari lima nada musik,
namun kombinasi dari lima menimbulkan lebih
melodi dari sebelumnya dapat didengar.
8. Ada tidak lebih dari lima warna primer
(Biru, kuning, merah, putih, dan hitam), namun dalam kombinasi
mereka menghasilkan warna lebih dari yang dapat terlihat.
9. Tidak lebih dari lima rasa kardinal
(Asam, tajam, garam, manis, pahit), namun kombinasi
dari mereka menghasilkan rasa lebih dari yang pernah bisa dirasakan.
10. Dalam pertempuran, ada tidak lebih dari dua metode
serangan - langsung dan tidak langsung; namun kedua
dalam kombinasi menimbulkan serangkaian manuver yang tak ada habisnya.
11. Langsung dan tidak langsung memimpin pada satu sama lain secara bergantian.
Hal ini seperti bergerak dalam lingkaran - Anda tidak pernah berakhir.
Siapa yang bisa menguras kemungkinan kombinasi mereka?
12. Awal pasukan seperti gemericik deras
yang bahkan akan roll batu sepanjang dalam perjalanannya.
13. Kualitas keputusan seperti-baik waktunya
menyambar dari burung elang yang memungkinkan untuk menyerang dan menghancurkan
nya korban.
14. Oleh karena itu pejuang yang baik akan sangat mengerikan
di awal, dan prompt dalam keputusannya.
15. Energi dapat disamakan dengan lentur dari panah otomatis;
keputusan, dengan memicu pelepasan.
16. Di tengah kekacauan dan pergolakan pertempuran, mungkin ada
menjadi gangguan tampak dan belum ada gangguan nyata sama sekali;
di tengah kebingungan dan kekacauan, array Anda mungkin tanpa kepala
atau ekor, namun akan bukti terhadap kekalahan.
17. Simulasi gangguan postulat disiplin yang sempurna,
disimulasikan takut postulat keberanian; kelemahan simulasi
postulat kekuatan.
18. Menyembunyikan perintah di bawah jubah gangguan adalah
hanya sebuah pertanyaan tentang subdivisi; keberanian menyembunyikan di bawah
menunjukkan dari timidity mengandaikan dana energi laten;
masking kekuatan dengan kelemahan yang harus dilakukan
oleh disposisi taktis.
19. Jadi orang yang terampil di menjaga musuh
bergerak menjaga penampilan curang, yang menurut
musuh yang akan bertindak. Dia mengorbankan sesuatu,
bahwa musuh mungkin merampas hal itu.
20. Dengan mengulurkan umpan, ia terus dia di pawai;
kemudian dengan tubuh laki-laki mengambil ia terletak di menunggunya.
21. Para kombatan tampak cerdas untuk pengaruh gabungan
energi, dan tidak memerlukan terlalu banyak dari individu.
Oleh karena kemampuannya untuk memilih orang-orang yang benar dan memanfaatkan
gabungan energi.
22. Ketika ia menggunakan kombinasi energi, juangnya
pria menjadi seolah-olah seperti kepada rolling log atau batu.
Karena sifat dari log atau batu untuk tetap
bergerak di tanah yang datar, dan bergerak saat di lereng;
jika bersisi empat, untuk datang ke berhenti, tetapi jika
berbentuk bulat, untuk pergi bergulir ke bawah.
23. Dengan demikian energi yang dikembangkan oleh para pejuang yang baik
adalah sebagai momentum batu bulat bergulir di gunung
ribuan kaki. Jadi banyak subjek
energi.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
VI. LEMAH DAN KUAT POIN
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Siapa saja yang pertama di lapangan dan
menunggu kedatangan musuh, akan segar untuk melawan;
siapa pun yang kedua di lapangan dan harus mempercepat pertempuran
akan tiba habis.
2. Oleh karena itu kombatan pintar memaksakan kehendak-Nya atas
musuh, tetapi tidak membiarkan musuh yang akan yang akan dikenakan padanya.
3. Dengan mengacungkan keuntungan kepadanya, ia dapat menyebabkan musuh
pendekatan atas kemauannya sendiri, atau, dengan menimbulkan kerusakan,
dia bisa membuat tidak mungkin musuh mendekat.
4. Jika musuh sedang santai, ia dapat mengganggunya;
jika baik disertakan dengan makanan, dia bisa kelaparan dia keluar;
jika diam-diam berkemah, ia bisa memaksa dia untuk bergerak.
5. Muncul pada titik-titik yang harus segera musuh untuk membela;
berbaris dengan cepat ke tempat di mana Anda tidak diharapkan.
6. Seorang tentara bisa berbaris jarak yang sangat jauh tanpa menyebabkan stress,
jika pawai melalui negara di mana musuh tidak.
7. Anda bisa yakin untuk berhasil dalam serangan Anda
jika Anda hanya menyerang tempat-tempat yang dapat undefended.You
menjamin keamanan pertahanan Anda jika Anda hanya terus
posisi yang tidak dapat diserang.
8. Oleh karena itu umum yang terampil dalam serangan yang
lawan tidak tahu apa yang harus membela, dan ia terampil
dalam pertahanan lawan yang tidak tahu apa yang menyerang.
9. O ilahi seni halus dan kerahasiaan! Melalui Anda
kita belajar untuk tidak terlihat, melalui Anda tak terdengar;
dan maka kita dapat terus nasib musuh di tangan kita.
10. Anda mungkin muka dan benar-benar tak tertahankan,
jika Anda membuat untuk titik-titik lemah musuh, Anda mungkin pensiun
dan aman dari pengejaran jika gerakan Anda lebih cepat
daripada musuh.
11. Jika kita ingin berperang, musuh dapat dipaksa
ke pertunangan meskipun ia akan berlindung di balik tinggi
benteng dan parit dalam. Yang harus kita lakukan adalah serangan
beberapa tempat lain yang akan diwajibkan untuk meringankan.
12. Jika kita tidak ingin melawan, kita bisa mencegah
musuh dari menarik kami meskipun baris
perkemahan kami sekadar dilacak di tanah.
Semua kita perlu lakukan adalah untuk membuang sesuatu yang ganjil dan tidak akuntabel
jalannya.
13. Dengan menemukan disposisi musuh dan sisa
terlihat diri kita, kita dapat menjaga kekuatan kita terkonsentrasi,
sementara musuh harus dibagi.
14. Kita bisa bersatu membentuk tubuh tunggal, sedangkan
musuh harus dibagi menjadi pecahan. Oleh karena itu akan ada
menjadi seluruh diadu melawan bagian yang terpisah dari keseluruhan,
yang berarti bahwa kita akan sedikit banyak musuh.
15. Dan jika kita mampu untuk menyerang sehingga kekuatan rendah
dengan yang unggul, lawan kita akan dalam kesulitan.
16. Tempat di mana kita berniat untuk memerangi tidak boleh
diketahui, untuk kemudian musuh harus mempersiapkan
terhadap kemungkinan serangan di beberapa titik yang berbeda;
dan pasukannya yang demikian didistribusikan ke berbagai arah,
angka kita harus menghadapi pada suatu titik tertentu akan
beberapa dilakukan secara proporsional.
17. Untuk harus musuh memperkuat van-nya,
ia akan melemahkan belakangnya; harus ia memperkuat belakangnya,
ia akan melemahkan van-nya; harus ia memperkuat kirinya,
ia akan melemahkan kanannya; harus ia memperkuat kanannya,
ia akan melemahkan kirinya. Jika ia mengirimkan bantuan di mana-mana,
ia akan lemah di mana-mana.
18. Numerik kelemahan berasal dari harus mempersiapkan
terhadap serangan mungkin; kekuatan numerik, dari menarik
musuh kita untuk membuat persiapan terhadap kami.
19. Mengetahui tempat dan waktu pertempuran datang,
kami dapat berkonsentrasi dari jarak terbesar dalam rangka
untuk melawan.
20. Tetapi jika waktu dan tempat tidak diketahui,
kemudian sayap kiri akan mampu untuk menolong kanan,
hak yang sama untuk menolong impoten kiri, van
tidak dapat meringankan belakang, atau belakang untuk mendukung van.
jauh lebih Bagaimana jadi jika bagian terjauh tentara adalah
apa pun di bawah seratus LI terpisah, dan bahkan terdekat
dipisahkan oleh beberapa LI!
21. Meskipun menurut perkiraan saya tentara
Yueh melebihi dari kita sendiri dalam jumlah, yang akan keunggulan
mereka tidak ada dalam hal kemenangan. Aku katakan
bahwa kemenangan dapat dicapai.
22. Meskipun musuh dalam jumlah yang lebih kuat, kita dapat
mencegah dia dari pertempuran. Skema sehingga untuk menemukan
nya rencana dan kemungkinan keberhasilan mereka.
23. Membangunkan dia, dan mempelajari prinsip-nya
kegiatan atau aktivitas. Memaksanya untuk mengungkapkan diri,
sehingga untuk mengetahui titik rentan nya.
24. Membandingkan dengan hati-hati tentara lawan dengan Anda sendiri,
sehingga Anda bisa tahu di mana kekuatan yang berlimpah-limpah
dan di mana kekurangan.
25. Dalam membuat disposisi taktis, nada tertinggi
Anda bisa mencapai adalah untuk menyembunyikan itu; menyembunyikan disposisi Anda,
dan Anda akan menjadi aman dari mencongkel mata-mata subtlest,
dari intrik dari otak paling bijaksana.
26. Bagaimana mungkin kemenangan diproduksi untuk mereka dari musuh
taktik sendiri - itulah yang banyak tidak dapat memahami.
27. Semua orang dapat melihat dimana saya taktik menaklukkan,
tapi apa yang tidak bisa melihat adalah strategi keluar yang kemenangan
adalah berevolusi.
28. Jangan mengulangi taktik yang telah mendapatkan
Anda salah satu kemenangan, tetapi biarkan metode Anda diatur
oleh berbagai keadaan yang tak terbatas.
29. taktik militer seperti air kepada, karena air melalui
Tentu saja alam berjalan jauh dari tempat-tempat tinggi dan mempercepat ke bawah.
30. Jadi dalam perang, cara ini adalah untuk menghindari apa yang kuat
dan untuk menyerang apa yang lemah.
31. Air bentuk program yang sesuai dengan alam
dari atas tanah yang mengalir; prajurit karya
dari kemenangannya dalam kaitannya dengan musuh yang ia hadapi.
32. Oleh karena itu, seperti air tidak mempertahankan bentuk konstan,
sehingga dalam perang tidak ada kondisi konstan.
33. Dia yang bisa mengubah taktik dalam hubungan dengan-Nya
lawan dan dengan demikian berhasil menang, dapat disebut
seorang kapten surga-lahir.
34. Lima elemen (Air, api, kayu, logam, bumi)
tidak selalu sama dominan; empat musim membuat
cara untuk satu sama lain secara bergantian. Ada hari-hari pendek dan jangka panjang;
bulan memiliki periode atas berkurang dan waxing.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
VII. Manuver
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Dalam perang, umumnya menerima nya
perintah dari sultan.
2. Setelah dikumpulkan tentara dan terkonsentrasi pasukannya,
ia harus memadukan dan menyelaraskan berbagai elemen daripadanya
sebelum pitching kamp-nya.
3. Setelah itu, datang manuver taktis,
daripada yang tidak ada yang lebih sulit.
Kesulitan manuver taktis terdiri
dalam mengubah licik ke dalam langsung, dan kemalangan menjadi keuntungan.
4. Jadi, untuk mengambil rute yang panjang dan berputar-putar,
setelah menarik musuh menyingkir, dan meskipun mulai
setelah dia, untuk merancang untuk mencapai tujuan di depannya,
menunjukkan pengetahuan tentang kecerdasan penyimpangan.
5. Manuver dengan tentara adalah menguntungkan;
dengan banyak tidak disiplin, paling berbahaya.
6. Jika Anda menetapkan tentara lengkap Maret dalam rangka
untuk merebut keuntungan, kemungkinan besar bahwa Anda akan
terlambat. Di sisi lain, untuk memisahkan kolom terbang
untuk tujuan itu melibatkan pengorbanan bagasi nya
dan toko.
7. Jadi, jika Anda memesan pria Anda untuk menggulung mereka
buff-mantel, dan membuat pawai hari terpaksa tanpa terputus-putus
atau malam, yang mencakup dua kali lipat dari jarak yang biasa di regangan,
melakukan seratus LI untuk merebut keuntungan,
para pemimpin divisi ketiga Anda akan jatuh ke
tangan musuh.
8. Orang-orang kuat akan berada di depan, lesu
yang akan jatuh di belakang, dan rencana ini hanya sepersepuluh
tentara Anda akan mencapai tujuannya.
9. Jika Anda march lima puluh LI untuk mengungguli
musuh, Anda akan kehilangan pemimpin divisi pertama Anda,
dan hanya setengah memaksa Anda akan mencapai tujuan.
10. Jika Anda Maret tiga puluh LI dengan objek yang sama,
dua-pertiga dari tentara Anda akan tiba.
11. Kita dapat mengambil itu maka hal pasukan tanpa nya
kereta bagasi hilang; tanpa ketentuan ini hilang;
tanpa basa pasokan itu hilang.
12. Kita tidak bisa masuk ke dalam aliansi sampai kita
berkenalan dengan desain dari tetangga kami.
13. Kami tidak cocok untuk memimpin pasukan pada pawai
kecuali kita kenal dengan wajah negeri ini - yang
pegunungan dan hutan, perangkap dan tebing,
yang rawa-rawa.
14. Kami tidak akan mampu mengubah keunggulan alami
ke account kecuali kita menggunakan pemandu lokal.
15. Dalam perang, praktik penipuan, dan Anda akan berhasil.
16. Apakah akan berkonsentrasi atau untuk membagi pasukan Anda,
harus diputuskan oleh situasi.
17. Biarkan kecepatan Anda akan bahwa angin,
Anda kekompakan bahwa hutan.
18. Dalam merampok dan dirampas menjadi seperti api,
adalah ketenangan seperti gunung.
19. Biarkan rencana Anda menjadi gelap dan tak tertembus sebagai malam,
dan ketika Anda bergerak, jatuh seperti disambar petir.
20. Bila Anda menjarah pedesaan, biarkan akan merusak
dibagi di antara laki-laki Anda, ketika Anda menangkap wilayah baru,
memotong-motong ke allotments untuk kepentingan serdadu itu.
21. Merenungkan dan sengaja sebelum Anda bergerak.
22. Dia akan mengalahkan yang telah belajar kecerdasan yang
penyimpangan. Tersebut adalah seni manuver.
23. Buku Manajemen Angkatan Darat mengatakan: Di lapangan
pertempuran, kata yang diucapkan tidak membawa cukup jauh:
maka lembaga gong dan drum. Juga tidak bisa biasa
obyek terlihat cukup jelas: maka lembaga
spanduk dan bendera.
24. Gong dan drum, spanduk dan bendera, yang berarti
dimana telinga dan mata tuan rumah dapat difokuskan
pada satu titik tertentu.
25. Tuan rumah sehingga membentuk tubuh bersatu tunggal,
adalah tidak mungkin baik untuk berani maju sendirian,
atau untuk pengecut untuk mundur saja. Ini adalah seni
penanganan massa besar orang.
26. Pada malam-pertempuran, kemudian, banyak memanfaatkan sinyal-api
dan drum, dan dalam pertempuran dengan hari, bendera dan spanduk,
sebagai alat untuk mempengaruhi telinga dan mata tentara Anda.
27. Seorang tentara mungkin seluruh dirampok rohnya;
seorang komandan-in-chief mungkin dirampok kehadirannya pikiran.
28. Sekarang semangat seorang prajurit adalah paling tajam di pagi hari;
oleh siang hari itu sudah mulai bendera, dan di malam hari,
pikirannya dibengkokkan hanya untuk kembali ke perkemahan.
29. Seorang jenderal pintar, karena itu, menghindari tentara ketika
semangat adalah tajam, tetapi serangan itu bila lamban
dan cenderung untuk kembali. Ini adalah seni belajar suasana hati.
30. Disiplin dan tenang, untuk menunggu penampilan
kekacauan dan keriuhan di antara musuh: - ini adalah seni
mempertahankan diri dari kepemilikan.
31. Untuk menjadi dekat tujuan sementara musuh masih
jauh dari itu, menunggu santai sementara musuh
bekerja keras dan berjuang, harus cukup makan sementara musuh
adalah kelaparan: - ini adalah seni husbanding kekuatan.
32. Untuk menahan diri dari musuh yang mencegat
banner dalam urutan yang sempurna, untuk menahan diri dari serangan
tentara dibuat dalam array tenang dan percaya diri: - ini
adalah seni mempelajari keadaan.
33. Ini adalah aksioma militer tidak untuk memajukan bukit
melawan musuh, atau untuk menentang dia ketika dia datang menurun.
34. Tidak mengejar musuh, yang mensimulasikan penerbangan;
tidak menyerang tentara yang marah adalah tajam.
35. Jangan menelan umpan yang ditawarkan oleh musuh.
Jangan mengganggu tentara yang pulang ke rumah.
36. Ketika Anda memasukkan tentara, meninggalkan toko bebas.
Jangan putus asa menekan musuh terlalu keras.
37. Tersebut adalah seni perang.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
VIII. VARIASI DALAM TAKTIK
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Dalam perang, umum menerima
perintah dari sultan, mengumpulkan pasukannya
dan konsentratnya pasukannya
2. Bila di negara sulit, jangan berkemah. Di negara
mana jalan berpotongan tinggi, bergandengan tangan dengan sekutu Anda.
Jangan berlama-lama dalam posisi berbahaya terisolasi.
Dalam mengepun-dalam situasi, Anda harus menggunakan siasat.
Dalam posisi putus asa, Anda harus berjuang.
3. Ada jalan yang tidak harus diikuti,
tentara yang harus tidak diserang, kota-kota yang harus
akan terkepung, posisi yang tidak boleh diperebutkan,
perintah dari penguasa yang tidak harus dipatuhi.
4. Jenderal yang benar-benar memahami keunggulan
yang menyertai variasi taktik tahu bagaimana menangani
pasukan nya.
5. Jenderal yang tidak memahami hal ini, mungkin baik
berkenalan dengan konfigurasi negara, namun ia
tidak akan mampu untuk mengubah pengetahuan untuk account praktis.
6. Jadi, siswa perang yang tak paham dalam seni
perang dari berbagai rencananya, meskipun ia berkenalan
dengan Lima Keuntungan, akan gagal untuk membuat penggunaan terbaik
anak buahnya.
7. Oleh karena itu dalam rencana pemimpin yang bijaksana itu, pertimbangan
keuntungan dan kerugian akan dicampur bersama-sama.
8. Jika harapan kami keuntungan menjadi marah di
cara ini, kita mungkin berhasil mencapai yang esensial
bagian dari skema kita.
9. Jika, di sisi lain, di tengah-tengah kesulitan
kami selalu siap untuk merebut keuntungan, kita dapat melepaskan
diri dari malapetaka.
10. Mengurangi bermusuhan kepala oleh kerusakan menimbulkan
pada mereka, dan membuat masalah bagi mereka, dan menjaga mereka
terus bergerak; bertahan daya pikat munafik,
dan membuat mereka terburu-buru untuk suatu titik tertentu.
11. Seni perang mengajarkan kita untuk tidak mengandalkan pada
kemungkinan musuh tidak datang, tetapi pada kesiapan kita sendiri
untuk menerima dia, bukan dengan harapan bukan miliknya menyerang,
melainkan pada kenyataan bahwa kita telah membuat posisi kami diserang.
12. Ada lima kesalahan berbahaya yang mungkin mempengaruhi
seorang jenderal:
(1) kecerobohan, yang menuju kepada kebinasaan;
(2) pengecut, yang mengarah untuk menangkap;
(3) marah tergesa-gesa, yang dapat dipicu oleh penghinaan;
(4) lezat kehormatan yang peka terhadap rasa malu;
(5) over-perhatian bagi laki-laki, yang mengekspos dia
perlu khawatir dan kesulitan.
13. Ini adalah lima dosa menimpa seorang jenderal,
punah dengan melakukan perang.
14. Ketika tentara adalah pemimpin yang digulingkan dan dibunuh,
penyebab pasti akan ditemukan di antara kelima
berbahaya kesalahan. Biarkan mereka menjadi subjek dari meditasi.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
IX. Army pada MARET ATAS
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Kita datang sekarang ke pertanyaan
encamping tentara, dan mengamati tanda-tanda musuh.
Pass cepat atas pegunungan, dan tetap di lingkungan
lembah.
2. Camp di tempat-tempat tinggi, menghadap matahari. Jangan mendaki
tinggi untuk memerangi. Begitu banyak untuk perang gunung.
3. Setelah menyeberangi sungai, Anda harus mendapatkan jauh
dari itu.
4. Ketika pasukan salib menyerang sebuah sungai di perusahaan
Maret dan seterusnya, tidak memajukan bertemu di pertengahan streaming.
Ini akan lebih baik untuk membiarkan setengah tentara menyeberang,
dan kemudian mengirimkan serangan Anda.
5. Jika Anda ingin berperang, Anda tidak harus pergi
untuk memenuhi penyerbu dekat sebuah sungai yang ia telah menyeberang.
6. Merapat kerajinan Anda lebih tinggi dari musuh, dan menghadapi
matahari. Jangan bergerak up-stream untuk bertemu musuh.
Begitu banyak untuk perang sungai.
7. Di persimpangan garam-rawa-rawa, Anda satu-satunya kepedulian
harus untuk melupakan mereka dengan cepat, tanpa penundaan.
8. Jika dipaksa berperang di garam-rawa, Anda harus
memiliki air dan rumput di dekat Anda, dan mendapatkan kembali Anda
untuk sekelompok pohon. Begitu banyak untuk operasi dalam garam-marches.
9. Dalam kering, tingkat negara, mengambil sebuah mudah diakses
posisi dengan tanah naik ke kanan dan di bagian belakang Anda,
sehingga bahaya yang mungkin berada di depan, dan keselamatan terletak di belakang.
Begitu banyak untuk berkampanye di negara datar.
10. Ini adalah empat cabang berguna militer
pengetahuan yang memungkinkan untuk menundukkan Kaisar Kuning
beberapa empat penguasa.
11. Semua tentara lebih suka tempat yang tinggi ke rendah dan cerah
tempat gelap.
12. Jika Anda berhati-hati laki-laki Anda, dan kamp pada hard
tanah, tentara akan bebas dari segala macam penyakit,
dan ini akan mantra kemenangan.
13. Bila Anda datang ke sebuah bukit atau Bank, menempati
sisi cerah, dengan kemiringan di bagian belakang kanan.
Dengan demikian Anda akan segera bertindak untuk kepentingan prajurit Anda
dan memanfaatkan keunggulan alami tanah.
14. Bila, sebagai akibat dari hujan lebat sampai-negara,
sebuah sungai yang Anda ingin ford bengkak dan flecked
dengan busa, Anda harus menunggu sampai reda.
15. Negara dimana terdapat tebing terjal
dengan torrents berjalan antara, cekungan alam yang mendalam,
tempat terbatas, semak kusut, lumpur jebakan dan ceruk-es,
harus dibiarkan dengan kecepatan mungkin dan tidak mendekat.
16. Sementara kita menjauhkan diri dari tempat-tempat seperti itu, kita harus
mendapatkan musuh mendekati mereka, sementara kami menghadapi mereka,
kita harus membiarkan musuh telah mereka di belakangnya.
17. Jika di lingkungan perkemahan Anda harus ada
menjadi negara berbukit, kolam dikelilingi oleh rumput laut,
berongga cekungan diisi dengan buluh, atau kayu dengan tebal
semak-semak, mereka harus hati-hati diarahkan keluar dan mencari-cari;
untuk ini adalah tempat dimana laki-laki dalam penyerangan atau busuk
mata-mata cenderung mengintai.
18. Ketika musuh sudah dekat dan tetap tenang,
dia mengandalkan kekuatan alam dari posisinya.
19. Ketika ia terus menyendiri dan mencoba untuk memprovokasi pertempuran,
dia cemas bagi pihak lain untuk maju.
20. Jika tempat perkemahan akses mudah,
ia adalah sebuah umpan tender.
21. Gerakan antara pohon-pohon di hutan menunjukkan bahwa
musuh bergerak maju. Munculnya sejumlah layar
di tengah-tengah rumput tebal berarti bahwa musuh ingin membuat kita curiga.
22. Terbit burung di penerbangan mereka adalah tanda
dari sebuah ambuscade. Kaget binatang menunjukkan bahwa tiba-tiba
serangan akan datang.
23. Bila ada debu meningkat dalam kolom yang tinggi,
itu adalah tanda kereta maju; ketika debu rendah,
tetapi tersebar di area yang luas, itu betokens pendekatan
infanteri. Ketika cabang di arah yang berbeda,
menunjukkan bahwa pihak telah dikirim untuk mengumpulkan kayu bakar.
Beberapa awan debu bergerak ke sana kemari menandakan bahwa militer
adalah encamping.
24. kata Humble dan preparat meningkat adalah tanda
bahwa musuh adalah untuk maju. Kekerasan bahasa
dan mengemudi ke depan seolah-olah menyerang tanda-tanda bahwa dia
akan mundur.
25. Ketika kereta keluar cahaya pertama dan mengambil
sebuah posisi di sayap, itu adalah tanda bahwa musuh
terbentuk untuk pertempuran.
26. Perdamaian proposal ditemani oleh perjanjian sumpah
menunjukkan plot.
27. Ketika ada banyak berlari dan tentara
jatuh ke dalam peringkat, itu berarti bahwa saat kritis telah tiba.
28. Ketika beberapa terlihat maju dan beberapa mundur,
itu adalah umpan.
29. Ketika tentara berdiri bersandar pada tombak mereka,
mereka samar-samar dari kekurangan makanan.
30. Jika orang-orang yang dikirim untuk menimba air mulai
dengan minum sendiri, tentara menderita kehausan.
31. Jika musuh melihat keuntungan yang akan diperoleh dan
tidak akan mencoba untuk mengamankan itu, para prajurit telah habis.
32. Jika burung berkumpul di tempat manapun, adalah kosong.
Keributan dengan gugup betokens malam.
33. Jika ada gangguan di kamp itu, sang jenderal
kewenangan lemah. Jika spanduk dan bendera dialihkan
tentang, penghasutan sedang terjadi. Jika petugas marah,
itu berarti bahwa orang-orang lelah.
34. Ketika tentara feed kuda dengan gandum dan membunuh
nya ternak untuk makanan, dan ketika pria tidak menggantung mereka
memasak-pot di atas kamp-api, menunjukkan bahwa mereka
tidak akan kembali ke tenda mereka, Anda mungkin tahu bahwa mereka
ditentukan untuk bertempur sampai mati.
35. Melihat orang berbisik-bisik bersama di kecil
simpul atau berbicara dalam nada tenang poin untuk bermusuhan
antara pangkat dan file.
36. Terlalu sering imbalan berarti bahwa musuh
pada akhir sumber daya nya; hukuman terlalu banyak mengkhianati
kondisi penderitaan yang mengerikan.
37. Untuk mulai dengan menggertak, tapi setelah itu untuk mengambil ketakutan
pada bilangan musuh, menunjukkan kurangnya kecerdasan tertinggi.
38. Ketika utusan yang dikirim dengan pujian di mulut mereka,
itu merupakan tanda bahwa musuh keinginan untuk gencatan senjata.
39. Jika pasukan musuh maju dan tetap marah
menghadapi kami untuk waktu yang lama tanpa baik bergabung
pertempuran atau mengambil diri mereka sendiri lagi, situasi
adalah salah satu yang menuntut kewaspadaan dan kehati-hatian yang besar.
40. Jika pasukan kita tidak lebih banyak dari musuh,
yang cukup memadai, hanya berarti bahwa tidak ada serangan langsung
dapat dibuat. Apa yang dapat kita lakukan adalah hanya untuk memusatkan semua
tersedia kekuatan kita, terus mencermati musuh,
dan mendapatkan bala bantuan.
41. Dia yang tidak mempunyai pemikiran sebelumnya tetapi membuat cahaya
dari lawan-lawannya pasti akan diambil oleh mereka.
42. Jika prajurit yang dihukum sebelum mereka tumbuh
melekat kepada Anda, mereka tidak akan membuktikan tunduk dan,
kecuali patuh, kemudian akan secara praktis tidak berguna.
Jika, ketika tentara telah menjadi melekat pada Anda,
hukuman tidak ditegakkan, mereka masih akan kecuali.
43. Oleh karena itu tentara harus dirawat di pertama
Misalnya dengan kemanusiaan, tetapi dikendalikan dengan cara
disiplin besi. Ini merupakan sebuah jalan tertentu untuk kemenangan.
44. Jika tentara pelatihan dalam perintah yang biasanya
ditegakkan, tentara akan baik-disiplin, jika tidak,
disiplin yang akan menjadi buruk.
45. Jika menunjukkan kepercayaan umum pada laki-laki, tapi selalu
bersikeras perintahnya yang dipatuhi, akan mendapatkan timbal balik.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
X. Terrain
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Kami dapat membedakan enam jenis medan,
yaitu: (1) tanah diakses; (tanah 2) melibatkan;
(3) menunggu kesempatan dasar; (4) sempit melewati; (5) tergesa-gesa
ketinggian; (6) posisi pada jarak yang besar dari musuh tersebut.
2. Tanah yang dapat bebas dilalui oleh kedua belah pihak
disebut diakses.
3. Sehubungan dengan dasar alam ini, akan sebelum
musuh dalam menduduki mengangkat dan bintik-bintik cerah,
dan hati-hati menjaga pasokan baris Anda. Kemudian Anda
akan dapat bertarung dengan keuntungan.
4. Tanah yang dapat ditinggalkan tetapi sulit
menduduki kembali disebut melibatkan.
5. Dari posisi seperti ini, jika musuh
adalah tidak siap, Anda dapat pergi berjalan dan mengalahkannya.
Tetapi jika musuh datang dipersiapkan untuk Anda, dan Anda
gagal untuk mengalahkan dia, kemudian, kembali menjadi tidak mungkin,
bencana akan terjadi.
6. Ketika posisi adalah seperti agar tidak ada pihak akan mendapatkan
dengan membuat langkah pertama, disebut menunggu kesempatan tanah.
7. Dalam posisi seperti ini, meskipun musuh
harus menawarkan kita sebuah umpan menarik, maka akan dianjurkan
tidak bergerak maju, melainkan mundur, sehingga menarik
musuh dalam giliran, kemudian, ketika bagian dari pasukannya telah
keluar, kami dapat memberikan serangan kami dengan keuntungan.
8. Sehubungan dengan melewati sempit, jika Anda dapat menempati
mereka terlebih dahulu, biarkan mereka sangat ditempatkan dan menunggu
kedatangan musuh.
9. Haruskah tentara mencegah Anda menduduki lulus,
tidak mengejarnya jika lulus sepenuhnya ditempatkan,
tetapi hanya jika ditempatkan lemah.
10. Sehubungan dengan ketinggian terjal, jika Anda
sebelumnya dengan musuh Anda, Anda harus menempati
mengangkat dan bintik-bintik cerah, dan ada menunggunya datang.
11. Jika musuh telah diduduki mereka sebelum kamu,
tidak mengikuti dia, tapi mundur dan mencoba untuk membujuk dia pergi.
12. Jika Anda terletak pada jarak yang besar dari
musuh, dan kekuatan kedua pasukan adalah sama,
tidak mudah untuk memprovokasi pertempuran, dan pertempuran akan
merugikan Anda.
13. Keenam adalah prinsip-prinsip terhubung dengan bumi.
Jenderal yang telah mencapai pos harus bertanggung jawab
hati-hati untuk mempelajarinya.
14. Sekarang tentara terkena enam beberapa bencana,
bukan berasal dari penyebab alami, tapi dari kesalahan
yang umum bertanggung jawab. Ini adalah:
(1) Pesawat, (2) pembangkangan; (3) runtuh; (4) merusak;
(5) disorganisasi; (6) berontak.
15. Kondisi lain yang sama, jika salah satu gaya
terlempar ke sepuluh kali lain ukuran, hasilnya
akan menjadi penerbangan dari mantan.
16. Ketika tentara umum terlalu kuat dan
perwira mereka terlalu lemah, hasilnya adalah pembangkangan.
Ketika petugas terlalu kuat dan para prajurit biasa
terlalu lemah, hasilnya adalah kehancuran.
17. Ketika para perwira tinggi marah dan durhaka,
dan pada pertemuan musuh berperang pada account mereka sendiri
karena rasa dendam, sebelum komandan-di-kepala
dapat menentukan apakah atau tidak ia berada dalam posisi untuk berperang,
hasilnya adalah kehancuran.
18. Ketika jenderal adalah lemah dan tanpa hak;
ketika perintahnya tidak jelas dan berbeda; bila ada
ada tugas perbaikan yang ditugaskan kepada petugas-petugas dan laki-laki,
dan peringkat terbentuk secara serampangan ceroboh,
hasilnya adalah disorganisasi total.
19. Ketika, umum tidak dapat memperkirakan musuh
kekuatan, memungkinkan suatu kekuatan rendah untuk terlibat yang lebih besar,
atau hurls satu detasemen lemah terhadap yang kuat,
dan lalai mengambil tempat prajurit di barisan depan,
hasilnya harus berontak.
20. Ini adalah enam cara pacaran kekalahan, yang harus
hati-hati dicatat oleh umum yang telah mencapai
posting bertanggung jawab.
21. Pembentukan alami negara adalah prajurit
sekutu yang terbaik, tetapi sebuah kekuatan memperkirakan musuh,
mengendalikan kekuatan kemenangan, dan cerdik
menghitung kesulitan, bahaya dan jarak,
merupakan uji seorang jenderal besar.
22. Dia yang mengetahui hal-hal ini, dan dalam pertempuran menempatkan
pengetahuan ke dalam praktek, akan memenangkan pertempuran itu.
Dia yang tahu mereka tidak, atau praktik mereka, pasti akan
dikalahkan.
23. Jika berkelahi pasti menghasilkan kemenangan,
maka anda harus berjuang, meskipun penguasa melarangnya;
jika pertempuran tidak akan menghasilkan kemenangan, Anda tidak harus
bahkan pada penawaran melawan penguasa.
24. Jenderal yang uang muka tanpa iri ketenaran
dan retret tanpa takut aib, yang hanya
pikir adalah untuk melindungi negaranya dan melakukan pelayanan yang baik
untuk itu berdaulat, adalah permata kerajaan.
25. Anda Hargai prajurit sebagai anak-anak Anda, dan mereka
akan mengikuti Anda ke dalam lembah terdalam; memandang mereka
sebagai putra-putra tercinta Anda sendiri, dan mereka akan berdiri oleh Anda
bahkan sampai mati.
26. Namun, jika Anda ramah, tapi tidak dapat membuat
otoritas Anda merasa; baik hati, tetapi tidak mampu menegakkan
Perintah Anda, dan tidak mampu, apalagi, dari memadamkan gangguan:
maka tentara Anda harus disamakan dengan anak manja;
mereka tidak berguna untuk tujuan praktis.
27. Jika kita tahu bahwa orang-orang kita sendiri dalam kondisi
untuk menyerang, tetapi tidak menyadari bahwa musuh tidak terbuka
untuk menyerang, kita sudah setengah jalan menuju kemenangan hanya.
28. Jika kita tahu bahwa musuh terbuka untuk menyerang,
tapi tidak menyadari bahwa laki-laki kita sendiri tidak dalam kondisi
untuk menyerang, kita sudah setengah jalan menuju kemenangan hanya.
29. Jika kita tahu bahwa musuh terbuka untuk menyerang,
dan juga tahu bahwa laki-laki kita dalam kondisi untuk menyerang,
tapi tidak menyadari bahwa sifat tanah membuat
pertempuran praktis, kita masih pergi hanya setengah
menuju kemenangan.
30. Karena itu prajurit berpengalaman, sekali bergerak,
tidak pernah bingung, sekali ia telah patah kamp, ia tidak pernah
bingung.
31. Oleh karena itu berkata: Jika Anda tahu musuh dan
tahu sendiri, kemenangan Anda tidak akan berdiri dalam keraguan;
jika Anda tahu Surga dan tahu Bumi, Anda dapat membuat Anda
kemenangan lengkap.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
XI. SEMBILAN SITUASI
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Seni perang mengakui sembilan jenis tanah:
(1) tanah dispersive; (2) tanah facile; (3) tanah perdebatan;
(4) terbuka dasar; (5) dasar memotong jalan raya;
(6) tanah yang serius; (7) tanah sulit; (8) terkurung-di dalam tanah;
(9) tanah putus asa.
2. Ketika kepala suku adalah pertempuran di wilayah sendiri,
itu adalah tanah dispersi.
3. Ketika ia telah merambah ke wilayah yang bermusuhan,
tapi tidak ada jarak yang sangat jauh, itu adalah tanah facile.
4. Tanah milik yang besar impor
keuntungan untuk kedua sisi, adalah tanah yang kontroversial.
5. Tanah di mana setiap sisi memiliki kebebasan gerakan
adalah tanah yang terbuka.
6. Tanah yang merupakan kunci untuk tiga negara berdekatan,
sehingga dia yang terlebih dahulu telah menempati sebagian besar Kekaisaran
pada perintah-Nya, adalah dasar memotong jalan raya.
7. Ketika pasukan telah menembus ke dalam hati seorang
negara bermusuhan, meninggalkan sejumlah kota berbenteng
di belakang, ia adalah tanah yang serius.
8. Gunung hutan, steeps kasar, rawa dan Fen - semua
negara yang sulit untuk melintasi: ini adalah tanah yang sulit.
9. Ground yang dicapai melalui ngarai sempit,
dan dari mana kita hanya bisa pensiun melalui jalan-jalan berliku-liku,
sehingga sebagian kecil dari musuh akan cukup untuk menghancurkan
tubuh besar orang kita: ini dikelilingi tanah.
10. Tanah yang kita hanya dapat diselamatkan dari
kehancuran akibat pertempuran tanpa penundaan, putus asa adalah tanah.
11. Pada tanah dispersi, oleh karena itu, tidak melawan.
Pada tanah facile, menghentikan tidak. Pada tanah yang diperdebatkan,
serangan tidak.
12. Di tempat terbuka, jangan mencoba menghalangi jalan musuh.
Di dasar memotong jalan raya, bergandengan tangan
dengan sekutu Anda.
13. Pada tanah yang serius, berkumpul di penjarahan.
Pada tanah yang sulit, tetap mantap pada pawai.
14. Pada terkurung-di tanah, resor untuk muslihat.
Pada tanah putus asa, berjuang.
15. Mereka yang disebut pemimpin terampil tua itu tahu
cara mengemudi irisan antara depan dan belakang musuh;
untuk mencegah kerjasama antar divisi yang besar dan kecil;
menghalangi pasukan baik dari menyelamatkan yang buruk,
petugas dari menggalang laki-laki mereka.
16. Ketika orang-orang musuh itu bersatu, mereka berhasil
untuk menjaga mereka dalam kekacauan.
17. Ketika untuk keuntungan mereka, mereka membuat
maju bergerak; ketika dinyatakan, mereka berhenti masih.
18. Jika bertanya bagaimana untuk mengatasi sejumlah besar musuh
dalam array teratur dan pada titik berbaris untuk menyerang,
Aku harus berkata: "Mulailah dengan merebut sesuatu yang anda
lawan memegang Sayang, kemudian ia akan bisa menerima Anda akan. "
19. Kecepatan adalah inti dari perang: mengambil keuntungan dari
unreadiness musuh, membuat jalan dengan rute yang tak terduga,
dan menyerang tempat-tempat tak dijaga.
20. Berikut adalah prinsip-prinsip yang harus diperhatikan
oleh kekuatan menyerang: Semakin jauh Anda menembus ke dalam
suatu negara, semakin besar akan menjadi solidaritas pasukan Anda,
dan dengan demikian para pembela tidak akan menang melawan Anda.
21. Membuat forays di negara subur untuk pasokan
Anda tentara dengan makanan.
22. Hati-hati mempelajari kesejahteraan laki-laki Anda,
dan tidak melemahkan mereka. Konsentrat Anda energi dan timbunan
Anda kekuatan. Jauhkan tentara Anda terus-menerus bergerak,
dan menyusun rencana tak terduga.
23. Lemparkanlah prajurit Anda ke posisi mana ada
adalah tidak melarikan diri, dan mereka akan lebih memilih kematian untuk penerbangan.
Jika mereka akan menghadapi kematian, tidak ada mereka mungkin
tidak mencapai. Perwira dan orang sama akan diajukan
mereka ujung kekuatan.
24. Tentara ketika dalam kesulitan putus asa kehilangan
rasa takut. Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung,
mereka akan berdiri teguh. Jika mereka berada di negara bermusuhan,
mereka akan menunjukkan keras kepala depan. Jika tidak ada bantuan
untuk itu, mereka akan berjuang keras.
25. Jadi, tanpa menunggu untuk mengerahkan, para prajurit
akan terus di vive qui; tanpa menunggu
diminta, mereka akan melakukan kehendak Anda, tanpa batasan,
mereka akan setia; tanpa memberi perintah, mereka dapat
dipercaya.
26. Melarang pengambilan pertanda, dan menghapus
takhyul keraguan. Lalu, sampai kematian itu sendiri datang,
bencana tidak perlu ditakuti.
27. Jika tentara kita tidak dibebani dengan uang,
itu bukan karena mereka memiliki kekayaan membenci;
jika mereka hidup tidak terlalu lama, itu bukan karena mereka
yang segan untuk umur panjang.
28. Pada hari mereka diperintahkan berperang,
prajurit Anda mungkin menangis, mereka yang duduk bedewing
pakaian mereka, dan membiarkan mereka berbaring air mata
pipi mereka. Tapi membiarkan mereka sekali akan dibawa ke teluk,
dan mereka akan muncul keberanian dari Chu atau Kuei.
29. Para ahli siasat terampil dapat disamakan dengan
Shuai-Januari Sekarang Januari-Shuai adalah ular yang ditemukan
di pegunungan Chung. Strike di kepalanya, dan Anda
akan diserang oleh ekornya; menyerang ekornya, dan Anda
akan diserang oleh kepalanya; menyerang tengahnya,
dan Anda akan diserang oleh kepala dan ekor keduanya.
30. Ketika ditanya apakah tentara dapat dibuat untuk meniru Shuai-Januari,
Aku harus menjawab, Ya. Untuk orang-orang dari Wu dan laki-laki
dari Yueh adalah musuh, namun jika mereka menyeberangi sungai
dalam perahu yang sama dan ditangkap oleh badai, mereka akan datang
satu sama lain seperti bantuan tangan kiri membantu kanan.
31. Oleh karena itu tidak cukup untuk menaruh kepercayaan seseorang
dalam penarikan kuda, dan mengubur dari kereta
roda di tanah
32. Prinsip yang mengelola tentara adalah untuk mengatur
satu standar keberanian yang semua harus dicapai.
33. Bagaimana membuat yang terbaik dari kedua kuat, dan lemah - yang
adalah pertanyaan yang melibatkan penggunaan tanah yang tepat.
34. Dengan demikian, secara umum terampil pasukannya hanya melakukan
seakan-akan memimpin satu orang, mau tak mau, oleh
tangan.
35. Ini adalah bisnis yang umum untuk diam dan dengan demikian
memastikan kerahasiaan; tegak dan adil, dan dengan demikian menjaga ketertiban.
36. Dia harus mampu membingungkan petugas dan laki-laki
oleh laporan palsu dan penampilan, sehingga membuat mereka tetap
dalam ketidaktahuan total.
37. Dengan mengubah pengaturan dan berubah
rencananya, ia terus musuh tanpa pengetahuan yang pasti.
Dengan menggeser perkemahan dan mengambil rute memutar
ia mencegah musuh dari mengantisipasi tujuannya.
38. Pada saat kritis, pimpinan pasukan
bertindak seperti orang yang naik tinggi dan kemudian tendangan
pergi tangga di belakangnya. Dia membawa orang-orang yang dalam
ke wilayah bermusuhan sebelum ia menunjukkan tangan.
39. Dia luka bakar perahu dan istirahat masakannya-pot;
mengemudi seperti gembala kawanan domba, dia drive
anak buahnya dengan cara ini dan itu, dan tidak ada yang tahu ke mana ia
akan.
40. Untuk mengumpulkan tuan rumahnya dan membawanya ke dalam bahaya: - ini
dapat disebut bisnis umum.
41. Langkah-langkah yang berbeda sesuai dengan sembilan
varietas tanah; yang agresif atau kebijaksanaan dari
taktik defensif dan hukum dasar alam manusia:
ini adalah hal-hal yang harus dipelajari paling jelas.
42. Ketika musuh menyerang wilayah, jenderal
Prinsip ini, bahwa penetrasi sangat membawa kohesi;
penetrasi tetapi cara singkat berarti dispersi.
43. Ketika Anda meninggalkan negara Anda sendiri di belakang, dan mengambil
tentara di seluruh wilayah lingkungan Anda, Anda menemukan diri Anda
di tanah kritis. Bila ada sarana komunikasi
di keempat sisinya, tanah adalah salah satu memotong jalan raya.
44. Ketika Anda menembus jauh ke negara, itu
serius tanah. Bila Anda menembus tapi agak jauh,
itu adalah tanah facile.
45. Bila Anda memiliki benteng-benteng musuh di belakang Anda,
dan melewati sempit di depan, itu dikepung-di dalam tanah.
Ketika tidak ada tempat berlindung sama sekali, itu adalah tanah yang putus asa.
46. Oleh karena itu, di tanah dispersive, saya akan menginspirasi
saya pria dengan kesatuan tujuan. Pada facile tanah, aku akan
melihat bahwa ada hubungan yang erat antara semua bagian
tentara saya.
47. Pada tanah diperdebatkan, saya akan cepat belakang saya.
48. Di lapangan terbuka, aku akan tetap mewaspadai
pada pertahanan saya. Pada dasar memotong jalan raya,
Saya akan konsolidasi aliansi saya.
49. Pada tanah yang serius, saya akan mencoba untuk memastikan
aliran terus menerus persediaan. Pada tanah yang sulit,
Aku akan terus mendorong pada sepanjang jalan.
50. Pada terkurung-di tanah, aku akan menghalangi dengan cara apapun
mundur. Pada tanah putus asa, saya akan mengumumkan
untuk prajurit saya keputusasaan menyelamatkan kehidupan mereka.
51. Karena disposisi prajurit untuk menawarkan
perlawanan keras kepala saat dikelilingi, untuk berjuang keras
ketika ia tidak dapat membantu dirinya sendiri, dan untuk mentaati segera ketika dia
telah jatuh ke dalam bahaya.
52. Kita tidak bisa masuk ke dalam aliansi dengan tetangga
pangeran sampai kita kenal dengan desain mereka. Kami
tidak cocok untuk memimpin pasukan di barisan kecuali kita kenal
dengan wajah negeri ini - gunung-gunung dan hutan,
dengan perangkap dan tebing, paya dan hutan rawa.
Kami tidak akan mampu mengubah keunggulan alami ke account
kecuali kita menggunakan pemandu lokal.
53. Untuk diabaikan salah satu dari empat berikut
atau lima prinsip tidak pantas seorang pangeran perang.
54. Ketika seorang pangeran perang menyerang negara yang kuat,
keahlian militer itu menampakkan dirinya dalam mencegah konsentrasi
kekuatan musuh. Dia overawes lawan-lawannya,
dan sekutu mereka akan dicegah dari bergabung melawan dia.
55. Oleh karena itu dia tidak berusaha untuk bersekutu dirinya dengan semua
dan berbagai macam, dan tidak menumbuhkan kekuatan negara-negara lain.
Dia melakukan desain sendiri rahasianya, menjaga nya
antagonis kagum. Dengan demikian dia mampu menangkap mereka
kota dan menggulingkan kerajaan mereka.
56. memberikan manfaat tanpa mempedulikan aturan,
mengeluarkan perintah tanpa kesepakatan sebelumnya;
dan Anda akan mampu menangani seluruh tentara seakan
Anda harus melakukan dengan tetapi orang tunggal.
57. Anda Hadapi tentara dengan akta itu sendiri;
tidak pernah membiarkan mereka tahu desain Anda. Ketika prospek cerah,
membawanya di depan mata mereka, tetapi kepada mereka apa-apa bila
situasi yang murung.
58. Tempat tentara Anda dalam bahaya mematikan, dan akan bertahan;
terjun ke selat putus asa, dan akan datang dari
dengan aman.
59. Karena justru ketika gaya telah jatuh ke dalam
bahaya yang mampu memukul pukulan untuk kemenangan.
60. Keberhasilan dalam perang ini diperoleh dengan hati-hati
menampung diri kita sendiri dengan tujuan musuh.
61. Dengan terus-menerus tergantung di sisi musuh, kita akan
berhasil dalam jangka panjang dalam pembunuhan-panglima.
62. Hal ini disebut kemampuan untuk menyelesaikan sesuatu
oleh cerdik belaka.
63. Pada hari yang kamu angkat perintah Anda,
blok perbatasan melewati, menghancurkan tallies pejabat,
dan menghentikan bagian dari seluruh utusan.
64. Jadilah tegas dalam ruang-dewan, sehingga Anda
dapat mengendalikan situasi.
65. Jika musuh daun pintu terbuka, Anda harus buru-buru masuk
66. Mencegah lawan Anda dengan merebut apa yang dia memegang Sayang,
dan halus merancang ke waktu kedatangannya di tanah.
67. Berjalan di jalur yang didefinisikan oleh aturan, dan mengakomodasi
diri Anda untuk musuh sampai Anda bisa melawan pertempuran yang menentukan.
68. Pada awalnya, kemudian, memperlihatkan hal malu dari perawan,
sampai musuh memberi Anda membuka; kemudian meniru
kecepatan dari kelinci berlari, dan itu akan terlalu terlambat
untuk musuh untuk menentang Anda.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
XII. ATAS SERANGAN BY FIRE
1. Sun Tzu kata: Ada lima cara menyerang
dengan api. Yang pertama adalah untuk membakar prajurit di perkemahan mereka;
yang kedua adalah untuk membakar toko, yang ketiga adalah untuk membakar
kereta bagasi; yang keempat adalah untuk membakar gudang dan majalah;
kelima adalah untuk melemparkan api menjatuhkan di antara musuh.
2. Dalam rangka melaksanakan serangan, kita harus memiliki
berarti tersedia. Bahan untuk meningkatkan kebakaran harus
selalu disimpan dalam kesiapan.
3. Ada musim yang tepat untuk melakukan serangan dengan api,
dan hari-hari khusus untuk memulai kebakaran besar.
4. Musim yang tepat adalah ketika cuaca sangat kering;
hari istimewa adalah mereka saat bulan di
konstelasi dari Saringan, Wall, Wing
atau Cross-bar, karena keempat adalah semua hari angin meningkat.
5. Dalam menyerang dengan api, yang harus disiapkan
untuk memenuhi lima perkembangan yang mungkin:
6. (1) Ketika api pecah dalam ke perkemahan musuh,
merespon sekali dengan serangan dari luar.
7. (2) Jika ada wabah api, tapi musuh
tentara tetap diam, menunggu waktu Anda dan tidak menyerang.
8. (3) Bila kekuatan api telah mencapai puncaknya,
mengikutinya dengan serangan, kalau itu dilaksanakan;
jika tidak, tinggal di mana Anda berada.
9. (4) Jika memungkinkan terjadinya serangan dengan api
dari tanpa, jangan tunggu sampai keluar di dalam,
tetapi memberikan serangan Anda pada saat yang menguntungkan.
10. (5) Ketika Anda mulai api, bagi angin bertiup dari itu.
Jangan menyerang dari bawah angin ini.
11. Angin yang meningkat pada siang hari berlangsung lama,
tapi angin malam segera jatuh.
12. Dalam setiap tentara, lima perkembangan yang berhubungan dengan
kebakaran harus diketahui, pergerakan bintang-bintang dihitung,
dan menonton terus untuk hari-hari yang tepat.
13. Oleh karena itu mereka yang menggunakan api sebagai bantuan untuk kecerdasan menunjukkan serangan;
mereka yang menggunakan air sebagai bantuan untuk keuntungan serangan aksesi kekuatan.
14. Dengan menggunakan air, musuh dapat disela,
tetapi tidak merampok semua barang-barangnya.
15. Bahagia adalah nasib orang yang mencoba memenangkan nya
pertempuran dan berhasil dalam serangan tanpa budidaya
semangat perusahaan, karena hasilnya adalah buang-buang waktu
dan umum stagnasi.
16. Oleh karena itu berkata: Penguasa meletakkan nya tercerahkan
rencana baik depan; memupuk umum baik sumber daya nya.
17. Pindahkan tidak kecuali jika Anda melihat keuntungan; gunakan tidak
Anda pasukan kecuali ada sesuatu yang bisa diperoleh;
melawan tidak kecuali posisi adalah penting.
18. Tidak penguasa harus menempatkan pasukan ke lapangan hanya
untuk memuaskan limpa sendiri; umum tidak harus berjuang
pertempuran hanya karena kesal.
19. Jika itu adalah untuk keuntungan Anda, bergerak maju;
jika tidak, tinggal di mana Anda berada.
20. Kemarahan mungkin dalam perubahan waktu untuk sukacita; mungkin kekesalan
akan digantikan oleh konten.
21. Tapi sebuah kerajaan yang dulunya dihancurkan dapat
pernah datang lagi ke menjadi; tidak dapat orang mati pernah
dibawa kembali ke kehidupan.
22. Oleh karena itu penguasa tercerahkan adalah penuh perhatian,
dan kepentingan umum penuh hati-hati. Ini adalah cara
untuk menjaga negara damai dan tentara utuh.
[Untuk | teks Cina Ke Atas]
XIII. PENGGUNAAN Spies
1. Sun Tzu berkata: Budidaya sejumlah seratus ribu
laki-laki dan marching mereka jarak yang jauh memerlukan kehilangan berat
pada orang dan menguras sumber daya di Negara.
Pengeluaran harian akan berjumlah seribu ons
perak. Akan ada keributan di rumah dan di luar negeri,
dan laki-laki akan drop down kelelahan di jalan raya.
Sebanyak tujuh ratus ribu keluarga akan terhalangi
dalam kerja mereka.
2. Kemelut tentara mungkin saling berhadapan selama bertahun-tahun,
berjuang untuk kemenangan yang ditentukan dalam satu hari.
Ini begitu, untuk tetap dalam ketidaktahuan musuh
Kondisi dendam hanya karena salah satu pengeluaran dari seratus
ons perak di kehormatan dan tunjangan-tunjangan, adalah tinggi
dan TV.
3. Satu yang bertindak sehingga tidak pemimpin manusia, tidak hadir
membantu nya berdaulat, tidak ada master kemenangan.
4. Jadi, apa yang memungkinkan kedaulatan bijaksana dan baik
umum untuk menyerang dan menaklukkan, dan mencapai hal-hal di luar
jangkauan orang biasa, adalah ramalan.
5. Sekarang ini ramalan tidak dapat menimbulkan dari roh;
tidak dapat diperoleh secara induktif dari pengalaman,
maupun oleh perhitungan deduktif.
6. Pengetahuan tentang disposisi musuh hanya dapat
diperoleh dari orang lain.
7. Oleh karena itu penggunaan mata-mata, di antaranya ada lima kelas:
(1) mata-mata Lokal; (2) mata-mata batin; (3) dikonversi mata-mata;
(4) mata-mata hancur; (5) mata-mata masih hidup.
8. Ketika kelima jenis mata-mata semua di tempat kerja,
tidak dapat menemukan sistem rahasia. Hal ini disebut "ilahi
manipulasi benang. "Ini adalah sultan
fakultas yang paling berharga.
9. Memiliki mata-mata lokal berarti menggunakan layanan
penduduk suatu daerah.
10. Setelah mata-mata batin, memanfaatkan pejabat
musuh.
11. Setelah dikonversi mata-mata, terus mendapatkan musuh
mata-mata dan menggunakan mereka untuk tujuan kita sendiri.
12. Setelah mata-mata hancur, melakukan hal-hal tertentu secara terbuka
untuk tujuan penipuan, dan memungkinkan mata-mata kami untuk mengetahui
dari mereka dan melaporkannya kepada musuh.
13. Penggabungan mata-mata, akhirnya, adalah mereka yang membawa
kembali berita dari perkemahan musuh.
14. Oleh karena itu adalah yang tidak ada dalam keseluruhan tentara
hubungan yang lebih intim yang dapat dijaga dibandingkan dengan mata-mata.
Tidak ada secara bebas harus lebih dihargai. Dalam tidak lain
rahasia bisnis harus lebih besar dipertahankan.
15. Spies tidak dapat berguna digunakan tanpa tertentu
kebijaksanaan intuitif.
16. Mereka tidak dapat dikelola dengan baik tanpa kebajikan
dan keterusterangan.
17. Tanpa kecerdikan halus pikiran, orang tidak dapat membuat
tertentu dari kebenaran laporan mereka.
18. Jadilah halus! jadi halus! dan menggunakan mata-mata Anda untuk setiap
jenis usaha.
19. Jika sepotong berita rahasia dibocorkan oleh mata-mata
sebelum waktunya sudah matang, ia harus dihukum mati bersama-sama
dengan orang kepada siapa rahasia itu diceritakan.
20. Apakah objek yang akan menghancurkan tentara, untuk badai
kota, atau untuk membunuh seseorang, selalu
diperlukan untuk mulai dengan mencari tahu nama petugas,
para ajudan-de-kamp, dan penjaga pintu dan penjaga dari umum
di perintah. mata-mata kita harus ditugaskan untuk memastikan ini.
21. Musuh mata-mata yang datang untuk memata-matai kami
harus mencari, tergoda dengan suap, dibawa pergi dan
nyaman disimpan. Dengan demikian mereka akan dikonversi menjadi
mata-mata dan tersedia untuk layanan kami.
22. Ini adalah melalui informasi yang dibawa oleh
dikonversi mata-mata bahwa kita mampu untuk memperoleh dan mempekerjakan
lokal dan ke dalam mata-mata.
23. Hal ini karena informasi itu, sekali lagi, bahwa kita dapat
menyebabkan mata-mata ditakdirkan untuk membawa kabar palsu kepada musuh.
24. Terakhir, ini adalah dengan informasi bahwa yang masih hidup
mata-mata dapat digunakan pada kesempatan ditunjuk.
25. Akhir dan tujuan mata-mata di semua lima varietas
adalah pengetahuan dari musuh, dan pengetahuan ini hanya dapat
diturunkan, dalam contoh pertama, dari mata-mata yang dikonversi.
Karena itu adalah penting bahwa mata-mata dikonversi diperlakukan
dengan kemurahan hati.
26. Dari tua, munculnya dinasti Yin karena saya
Chih yang telah menjabat di bawah Hsia. Demikian juga, meningkat
dari dinasti Chou Lu Ya karena yang pernah menjabat
bawah Yin.
27. Karena hanya penguasa yang tercerahkan dan
bijaksana umum yang akan menggunakan kecerdasan tertinggi
tentara untuk tujuan mata-mata dan dengan demikian mereka capai
hasil besar. Spies adalah elemen yang paling penting dalam air,
karena pada mereka tergantung kemampuan tentara untuk bergerak.
Sunday, April 18, 2010
The Art Of War
I. LAYING PLANS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance
to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either
to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry
which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant
factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations,
when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth;
(4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete
accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat,
times and seasons.
8. Earth comprises distances, great and small;
danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;
the chances of life and death.
9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom,
sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
10. By method and discipline are to be understood
the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions,
the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the
control of military expenditure.
11. These five heads should be familiar to every general:
he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them
not will fail.
12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking
to determine the military conditions, let them be made
the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued
with the Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven
and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater constancy
both in reward and punishment?
14. By means of these seven considerations I can
forecast victory or defeat.
15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts
upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command!
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,
will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
16. While heading the profit of my counsel,
avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances
over and beyond the ordinary rules.
17. According as circumstances are favorable,
one should modify one's plans.
18. All warfare is based on deception.
19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;
when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we
are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;
when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder,
and crush him.
21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
If he is in superior strength, evade him.
22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to
irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.
If his forces are united, separate them.
24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where
you are not expected.
25. These military devices, leading to victory,
must not be divulged beforehand.
26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many
calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations
lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat:
how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention
to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
II. WAGING WAR
1. Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war,
where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them
a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front,
including entertainment of guests, small items such as
glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor,
will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.
Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory
is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and
their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town,
you will exhaust your strength.
3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources
of the State will not be equal to the strain.
4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped,
your strength exhausted and your treasure spent,
other chieftains will spring up to take advantage
of your extremity. Then no man, however wise,
will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,
cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
6. There is no instance of a country having benefited
from prolonged warfare.
7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted
with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand
the profitable way of carrying it on.
8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy,
neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage
on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough
for its needs.
10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army
to be maintained by contributions from a distance.
Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes
the people to be impoverished.
11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes
prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's
substance to be drained away.
12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry
will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion
of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,
and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;
while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,
breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,
protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons,
will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging
on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions
is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise
a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty
from one's own store.
16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must
be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from
defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots
have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first.
Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,
and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours.
The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment
one's own strength.
19. In war, then, let your great object be victory,
not lengthy campaigns.
20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies
is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it
depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best
thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact;
to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is
better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,
to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire
than to destroy them.
2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles
is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists
in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to
balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent
the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in
order is to attack the enemy's army in the field;
and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it
can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets,
movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take
up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over
against the walls will take three months more.
5. The general, unable to control his irritation,
will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,
with the result that one-third of his men are slain,
while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous
effects of a siege.
6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's
troops without any fighting; he captures their cities
without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom
without lengthy operations in the field.
7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery
of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph
will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten
to the enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one,
to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army
into two.
9. If equally matched, we can offer battle;
if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;
if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made
by a small force, in the end it must be captured
by the larger force.
11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State;
if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will
be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will
be weak.
12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring
misfortune upon his army:--
13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat,
being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
This is called hobbling the army.
14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the
same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant
of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes
restlessness in the soldier's minds.
15. (3) By employing the officers of his army
without discrimination, through ignorance of the
military principle of adaptation to circumstances.
This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
16. But when the army is restless and distrustful,
trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes.
This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging
victory away.
17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials
for victory:
(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when
not to fight.
(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior
and inferior forces.
(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same
spirit throughout all its ranks.
(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take
the enemy unprepared.
(5) He will win who has military capacity and is
not interfered with by the sovereign.
18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy
and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a
hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.
If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will
succumb in every battle.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
1. Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put
themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then
waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our
own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy
is provided by the enemy himself.
3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
4. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer
without being able to do it.
5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics;
ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient
strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.
7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the
most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in
attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven.
Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves;
on the other, a victory that is complete.
8. To see victory only when it is within the ken
of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.
9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight
and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"
10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;
to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight;
to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is
one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation
for wisdom nor credit for courage.
13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes.
Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty
of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is
already defeated.
14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into
a position which makes defeat impossible, and does
not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist
only seeks battle after the victory has been won,
whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights
and afterwards looks for victory.
16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law,
and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is
in his power to control success.
17. In respect of military method, we have,
firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity;
thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances;
fifthly, Victory.
18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth;
Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to
Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation;
and Victory to Balancing of chances.
19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as
a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting
of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
V. ENERGY
1. Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force
is the same principle as the control of a few men:
it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
2. Fighting with a large army under your command
is nowise different from fighting with a small one:
it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand
the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken--
this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone
dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science
of weak points and strong.
5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used
for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed
in order to secure victory.
6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible
as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams;
like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew;
like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
7. There are not more than five musical notes,
yet the combinations of these five give rise to more
melodies than can ever be heard.
8. There are not more than five primary colors
(blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination
they produce more hues than can ever been seen.
9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes
(sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations
of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
10. In battle, there are not more than two methods
of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two
in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.
11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn.
It is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end.
Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent
which will even roll stones along in its course.
13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed
swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy
its victim.
14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible
in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow;
decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may
be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all;
amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head
or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline,
simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness
postulates strength.
18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is
simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under
a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy;
masking strength with weakness is to be effected
by tactical dispositions.
19. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy
on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to
which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something,
that the enemy may snatch at it.
20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march;
then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined
energy, and does not require too much from individuals.
Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize
combined energy.
22. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting
men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones.
For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain
motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope;
if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if
round-shaped, to go rolling down.
23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men
is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain
thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject
of energy.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
1. Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and
awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle
will arrive exhausted.
2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on
the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy
to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage,
he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend;
march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
6. An army may march great distances without distress,
if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks
if you only attack places which are undefended.You can
ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold
positions that cannot be attacked.
8. Hence that general is skillful in attack whose
opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful
in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you
we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible,
if you make for the enemy's weak points; you may retire
and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid
than those of the enemy.
11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced
to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack
some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent
the enemy from engaging us even though the lines
of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
in his way.
13. By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining
invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated,
while the enemy's must be divided.
14. We can form a single united body, while the
enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will
be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,
which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force
with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be
made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare
against a possible attack at several different points;
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
be proportionately few.
17. For should the enemy strengthen his van,
he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear,
he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left,
he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right,
he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
he will everywhere be weak.
18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare
against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling
our adversary to make these preparations against us.
19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle,
we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order
to fight.
20. But if neither time nor place be known,
then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right,
the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van
unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van.
How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest
are separated by several LI!
21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers
of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage
them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then
that victory can be achieved.
22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may
prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover
his plans and the likelihood of their success.
23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his
activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself,
so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own,
so that you may know where strength is superabundant
and where it is deficient.
25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch
you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions,
and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,
from the machinations of the wisest brains.
26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's
own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer,
but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory
is evolved.
28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained
you one victory, but let your methods be regulated
by the infinite variety of circumstances.
29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its
natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong
and to strike at what is weak.
31. Water shapes its course according to the nature
of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works
out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape,
so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his
opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called
a heaven-born captain.
34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)
are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make
way for each other in turn. There are short days and long;
the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
VII. MANEUVERING
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his
commands from the sovereign.
2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces,
he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof
before pitching his camp.
3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering,
than which there is nothing more difficult.
The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists
in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route,
after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting
after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him,
shows knowledge of the artifice of DEVIATION.
5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous;
with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order
to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be
too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column
for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage
and stores.
7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their
buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day
or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,
doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,
the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into
the hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded
ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth
of your army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver
the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,
and only half your force will reach the goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the same object,
two-thirds of your army will arrive.
11. We may take it then that an army without its
baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;
without bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are
acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march
unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its
mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
its marshes and swamps.
14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage
to account unless we make use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops,
must be decided by circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,
your compactness that of the forest.
18. In raiding and plundering be like fire,
is immovability like a mountain.
19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,
and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be
divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,
cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice
of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field
of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:
hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary
objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution
of banners and flags.
24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means
whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
on one particular point.
25. The host thus forming a single united body,
is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,
or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art
of handling large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires
and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,
as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;
a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
28. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning;
by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,
his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when
its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish
and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance
of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art
of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still
far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is
toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose
banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking
an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this
is the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill
against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight;
do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy.
Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free.
Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
VIII. VARIATION IN TACTICS
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives
his commands from the sovereign, collects his army
and concentrates his forces
2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country
where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.
Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions.
In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem.
In desperate position, you must fight.
3. There are roads which must not be followed,
armies which must be not attacked, towns which must
be besieged, positions which must not be contested,
commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages
that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle
his troops.
5. The general who does not understand these, may be well
acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he
will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.
6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art
of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted
with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use
of his men.
7. Hence in the wise leader's plans, considerations of
advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.
8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in
this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential
part of our schemes.
9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties
we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate
ourselves from misfortune.
10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage
on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them
constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements,
and make them rush to any given point.
11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the
likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness
to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking,
but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.
12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect
a general:
(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
(4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;
(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him
to worry and trouble.
13. These are the five besetting sins of a general,
ruinous to the conduct of war.
14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain,
the cause will surely be found among these five
dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of
encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.
Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood
of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb
heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away
from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its
onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream.
It will be best to let half the army get across,
and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go
to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing
the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.
So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern
should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should
have water and grass near you, and get your back
to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible
position with rising ground to your right and on your rear,
so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind.
So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military
knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish
four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny
places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard
ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind,
and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the
sunny side, with the slope on your right rear.
Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers
and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country,
a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked
with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs
with torrents running between, deep natural hollows,
confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses,
should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should
get the enemy to approach them; while we face them,
we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should
be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass,
hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick
undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched;
for these are places where men in ambush or insidious
spies are likely to be lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet,
he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle,
he is anxious for the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access,
he is tendering a bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the
enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens
in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign
of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden
attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column,
it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low,
but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach
of infantry. When it branches out in different directions,
it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood.
A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army
is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs
that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language
and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he
will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take
up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy
is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant
indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers
fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating,
it is a lure.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears,
they are faint from want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin
by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and
makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied.
Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's
authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted
about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry,
it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills
its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their
cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they
will not return to their tents, you may know that they
are determined to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small
knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection
amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is
at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray
a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright
at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths,
it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain
facing ours for a long time without either joining
battle or taking themselves off again, the situation
is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy,
that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack
can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all
our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy,
and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light
of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown
attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and,
unless submissive, then will be practically useless.
If, when the soldiers have become attached to you,
punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first
instance with humanity, but kept under control by means
of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually
enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not,
its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always
insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
X. TERRAIN
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain,
to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground;
(3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous
heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides
is called accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before
the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots,
and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you
will be able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard
to re-occupy is called entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy
is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him.
But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you
fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible,
disaster will ensue.
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain
by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy
should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable
not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing
the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has
come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy
them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await
the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass,
do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned,
but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are
beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the
raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you,
do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from
the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal,
it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be
to your disadvantage.
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth.
The general who has attained a responsible post must be
careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities,
not arising from natural causes, but from faults
for which the general is responsible. These are:
(1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin;
(5) disorganization; (6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is
hurled against another ten times its size, the result
will be the flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and
their officers too weak, the result is insubordination.
When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers
too weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate,
and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account
from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief
can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight,
the result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority;
when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there
are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,
and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner,
the result is utter disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's
strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one,
or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one,
and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank,
the result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must
be carefully noted by the general who has attained
a responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's
best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary,
of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly
calculating difficulties, dangers and distances,
constitutes the test of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts
his knowledge into practice, will win his battles.
He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely
be defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory,
then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it;
if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not
fight even at the ruler's bidding.
24. The general who advances without coveting fame
and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only
thought is to protect his country and do good service
for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they
will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them
as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you
even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make
your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce
your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder:
then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children;
they are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition
to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open
to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack,
but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition
to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack,
and also know that our men are in a condition to attack,
but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes
fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway
towards victory.
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion,
is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never
at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and
know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt;
if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
victory complete.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:
(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;
(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;
(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground;
(9) desperate ground.
2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,
it is dispersive ground.
3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory,
but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
4. Ground the possession of which imports great
advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement
is open ground.
6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,
so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire
at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a
hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities
in its rear, it is serious ground.
8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all
country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,
and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths,
so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush
a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
10. Ground on which we can only be saved from
destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.
On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,
attack not.
12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.
On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands
with your allies.
13. On serious ground, gather in plunder.
In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.
14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.
On desperate ground, fight.
15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew
how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;
to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions;
to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,
the officers from rallying their men.
16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed
to keep them in disorder.
17. When it was to their advantage, they made
a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy
in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,
I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your
opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of
the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,
and attack unguarded spots.
20. The following are the principles to be observed
by an invading force: The further you penetrate into
a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops,
and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply
your army with food.
22. Carefully study the well-being of your men,
and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard
your strength. Keep your army continually on the move,
and devise unfathomable plans.
23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there
is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.
If they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth
their uttermost strength.
24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose
the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge,
they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country,
they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help
for it, they will fight hard.
25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers
will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to
be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,
they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can
be trusted.
26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with
superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes,
no calamity need be feared.
27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money,
it is not because they have a distaste for riches;
if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they
are disinclined to longevity.
28. On the day they are ordered out to battle,
your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing
their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,
and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the
shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found
in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you
will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you
will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,
and you will be attacked by head and tail both.
30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan,
I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men
of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river
in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come
to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust
in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot
wheels in the ground
32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set
up one standard of courage which all must reach.
33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that
is a question involving the proper use of ground.
34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just
as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by
the hand.
35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus
ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.
36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men
by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them
in total ignorance.
37. By altering his arrangements and changing
his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.
By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army
acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks
away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep
into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;
like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives
his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going.
40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this
may be termed the business of the general.
41. The different measures suited to the nine
varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or
defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:
these are things that must most certainly be studied.
42. When invading hostile territory, the general
principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion;
penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
43. When you leave your own country behind, and take
your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself
on critical ground. When there are means of communication
on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is
serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way,
it is facile ground.
45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,
and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground.
When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire
my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would
see that there is close connection between all parts
of my army.
47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye
on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways,
I would consolidate my alliances.
49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure
a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground,
I would keep pushing on along the road.
50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way
of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim
to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer
an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he
has fallen into danger.
52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring
princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are
not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,
its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account
unless we make use of local guides.
53. To be ignored of any one of the following four
or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.
54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state,
his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration
of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents,
and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states.
He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his
antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their
cities and overthrow their kingdoms.
56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
issue orders without regard to previous arrangements;
and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
you had to do with but a single man.
57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself;
never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright,
bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when
the situation is gloomy.
58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive;
plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off
in safety.
59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.
60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully
accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.
61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall
succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing
by sheer cunning.
63. On the day that you take up your command,
block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies,
and stop the passage of all emissaries.
64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you
may control the situation.
65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,
and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate
yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.
68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden,
until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate
the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late
for the enemy to oppose you.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE
1. Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking
with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;
the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn
baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;
the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have
means available. The material for raising fire should
always be kept in readiness.
3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire,
and special days for starting a conflagration.
4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry;
the special days are those when the moon is in the
constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing
or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared
to meet five possible developments:
6. (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp,
respond at once with an attack from without.
7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's
soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height,
follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable;
if not, stay where you are.
9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire
from without, do not wait for it to break out within,
but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.
10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it.
Do not attack from the leeward.
11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long,
but a night breeze soon falls.
12. In every army, the five developments connected with
fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated,
and a watch kept for the proper days.
13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted,
but not robbed of all his belongings.
15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his
battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating
the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time
and general stagnation.
16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his
plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.
17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not
your troops unless there is something to be gained;
fight not unless the position is critical.
18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely
to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight
a battle simply out of pique.
19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move;
if not, stay where you are.
20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may
be succeeded by content.
21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can
never come again into being; nor can the dead ever
be brought back to life.
22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful,
and the good general full of caution. This is the way
to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand
men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss
on the people and a drain on the resources of the State.
The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces
of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.
As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded
in their labor.
2. Hostile armies may face each other for years,
striving for the victory which is decided in a single day.
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's
condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height
of inhumanity.
3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present
help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good
general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond
the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits;
it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,
nor by any deductive calculation.
6. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only
be obtained from other men.
7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes:
(1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;
(4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work,
none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine
manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's
most precious faculty.
9. Having local spies means employing the services
of the inhabitants of a district.
10. Having inward spies, making use of officials
of the enemy.
11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's
spies and using them for our own purposes.
12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly
for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know
of them and report them to the enemy.
13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring
back news from the enemy's camp.
14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are
more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.
None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other
business should greater secrecy be preserved.
15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain
intuitive sagacity.
16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence
and straightforwardness.
17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make
certain of the truth of their reports.
18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every
kind of business.
19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy
before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together
with the man to whom the secret was told.
20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm
a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general
in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us
must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted
spies and available for our service.
22. It is through the information brought by the
converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ
local and inward spies.
23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can
cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving
spy can be used on appointed occasions.
25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties
is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.
Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
with the utmost liberality.
26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I
Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise
of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
under the Yin.
27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the
wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
great results. Spies are a most important element in water,
because on them depends an army's ability to move.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
[END - Sun Tzu on the Art of War, text-only]
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance
to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either
to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry
which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant
factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations,
when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth;
(4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete
accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat,
times and seasons.
8. Earth comprises distances, great and small;
danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;
the chances of life and death.
9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom,
sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
10. By method and discipline are to be understood
the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions,
the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the
control of military expenditure.
11. These five heads should be familiar to every general:
he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them
not will fail.
12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking
to determine the military conditions, let them be made
the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued
with the Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven
and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater constancy
both in reward and punishment?
14. By means of these seven considerations I can
forecast victory or defeat.
15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts
upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command!
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,
will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
16. While heading the profit of my counsel,
avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances
over and beyond the ordinary rules.
17. According as circumstances are favorable,
one should modify one's plans.
18. All warfare is based on deception.
19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;
when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we
are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;
when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder,
and crush him.
21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
If he is in superior strength, evade him.
22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to
irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.
If his forces are united, separate them.
24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where
you are not expected.
25. These military devices, leading to victory,
must not be divulged beforehand.
26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many
calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations
lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat:
how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention
to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
II. WAGING WAR
1. Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war,
where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them
a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front,
including entertainment of guests, small items such as
glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor,
will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.
Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory
is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and
their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town,
you will exhaust your strength.
3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources
of the State will not be equal to the strain.
4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped,
your strength exhausted and your treasure spent,
other chieftains will spring up to take advantage
of your extremity. Then no man, however wise,
will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,
cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
6. There is no instance of a country having benefited
from prolonged warfare.
7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted
with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand
the profitable way of carrying it on.
8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy,
neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage
on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough
for its needs.
10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army
to be maintained by contributions from a distance.
Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes
the people to be impoverished.
11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes
prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's
substance to be drained away.
12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry
will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion
of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,
and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;
while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,
breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,
protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons,
will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging
on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions
is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise
a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty
from one's own store.
16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must
be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from
defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots
have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first.
Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,
and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours.
The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment
one's own strength.
19. In war, then, let your great object be victory,
not lengthy campaigns.
20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies
is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it
depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best
thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact;
to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is
better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,
to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire
than to destroy them.
2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles
is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists
in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to
balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent
the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in
order is to attack the enemy's army in the field;
and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it
can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets,
movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take
up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over
against the walls will take three months more.
5. The general, unable to control his irritation,
will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,
with the result that one-third of his men are slain,
while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous
effects of a siege.
6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's
troops without any fighting; he captures their cities
without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom
without lengthy operations in the field.
7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery
of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph
will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten
to the enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one,
to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army
into two.
9. If equally matched, we can offer battle;
if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;
if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made
by a small force, in the end it must be captured
by the larger force.
11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State;
if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will
be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will
be weak.
12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring
misfortune upon his army:--
13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat,
being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
This is called hobbling the army.
14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the
same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant
of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes
restlessness in the soldier's minds.
15. (3) By employing the officers of his army
without discrimination, through ignorance of the
military principle of adaptation to circumstances.
This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
16. But when the army is restless and distrustful,
trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes.
This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging
victory away.
17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials
for victory:
(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when
not to fight.
(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior
and inferior forces.
(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same
spirit throughout all its ranks.
(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take
the enemy unprepared.
(5) He will win who has military capacity and is
not interfered with by the sovereign.
18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy
and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a
hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.
If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will
succumb in every battle.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
1. Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put
themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then
waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our
own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy
is provided by the enemy himself.
3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
4. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer
without being able to do it.
5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics;
ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient
strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.
7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the
most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in
attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven.
Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves;
on the other, a victory that is complete.
8. To see victory only when it is within the ken
of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.
9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight
and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"
10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;
to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight;
to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is
one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation
for wisdom nor credit for courage.
13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes.
Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty
of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is
already defeated.
14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into
a position which makes defeat impossible, and does
not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist
only seeks battle after the victory has been won,
whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights
and afterwards looks for victory.
16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law,
and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is
in his power to control success.
17. In respect of military method, we have,
firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity;
thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances;
fifthly, Victory.
18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth;
Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to
Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation;
and Victory to Balancing of chances.
19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as
a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting
of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
V. ENERGY
1. Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force
is the same principle as the control of a few men:
it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
2. Fighting with a large army under your command
is nowise different from fighting with a small one:
it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand
the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken--
this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone
dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science
of weak points and strong.
5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used
for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed
in order to secure victory.
6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible
as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams;
like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew;
like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
7. There are not more than five musical notes,
yet the combinations of these five give rise to more
melodies than can ever be heard.
8. There are not more than five primary colors
(blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination
they produce more hues than can ever been seen.
9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes
(sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations
of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
10. In battle, there are not more than two methods
of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two
in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.
11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn.
It is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end.
Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent
which will even roll stones along in its course.
13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed
swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy
its victim.
14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible
in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow;
decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may
be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all;
amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head
or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline,
simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness
postulates strength.
18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is
simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under
a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy;
masking strength with weakness is to be effected
by tactical dispositions.
19. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy
on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to
which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something,
that the enemy may snatch at it.
20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march;
then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined
energy, and does not require too much from individuals.
Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize
combined energy.
22. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting
men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones.
For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain
motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope;
if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if
round-shaped, to go rolling down.
23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men
is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain
thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject
of energy.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
1. Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and
awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle
will arrive exhausted.
2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on
the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy
to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage,
he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend;
march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
6. An army may march great distances without distress,
if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks
if you only attack places which are undefended.You can
ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold
positions that cannot be attacked.
8. Hence that general is skillful in attack whose
opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful
in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you
we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible,
if you make for the enemy's weak points; you may retire
and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid
than those of the enemy.
11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced
to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack
some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent
the enemy from engaging us even though the lines
of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
in his way.
13. By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining
invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated,
while the enemy's must be divided.
14. We can form a single united body, while the
enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will
be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,
which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force
with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be
made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare
against a possible attack at several different points;
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
be proportionately few.
17. For should the enemy strengthen his van,
he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear,
he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left,
he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right,
he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
he will everywhere be weak.
18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare
against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling
our adversary to make these preparations against us.
19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle,
we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order
to fight.
20. But if neither time nor place be known,
then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right,
the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van
unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van.
How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest
are separated by several LI!
21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers
of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage
them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then
that victory can be achieved.
22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may
prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover
his plans and the likelihood of their success.
23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his
activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself,
so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own,
so that you may know where strength is superabundant
and where it is deficient.
25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch
you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions,
and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,
from the machinations of the wisest brains.
26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's
own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer,
but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory
is evolved.
28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained
you one victory, but let your methods be regulated
by the infinite variety of circumstances.
29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its
natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong
and to strike at what is weak.
31. Water shapes its course according to the nature
of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works
out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape,
so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his
opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called
a heaven-born captain.
34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)
are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make
way for each other in turn. There are short days and long;
the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
[To Chinese text |To Top]
VII. MANEUVERING
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his
commands from the sovereign.
2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces,
he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof
before pitching his camp.
3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering,
than which there is nothing more difficult.
The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists
in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route,
after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting
after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him,
shows knowledge of the artifice of DEVIATION.
5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous;
with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order
to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be
too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column
for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage
and stores.
7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their
buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day
or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,
doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,
the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into
the hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded
ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth
of your army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver
the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,
and only half your force will reach the goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the same object,
two-thirds of your army will arrive.
11. We may take it then that an army without its
baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;
without bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are
acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march
unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its
mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
its marshes and swamps.
14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage
to account unless we make use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops,
must be decided by circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,
your compactness that of the forest.
18. In raiding and plundering be like fire,
is immovability like a mountain.
19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,
and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be
divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,
cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice
of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field
of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:
hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary
objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution
of banners and flags.
24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means
whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
on one particular point.
25. The host thus forming a single united body,
is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,
or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art
of handling large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires
and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,
as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;
a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
28. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning;
by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,
his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when
its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish
and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance
of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art
of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still
far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is
toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose
banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking
an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this
is the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill
against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight;
do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy.
Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free.
Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
VIII. VARIATION IN TACTICS
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives
his commands from the sovereign, collects his army
and concentrates his forces
2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country
where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.
Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions.
In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem.
In desperate position, you must fight.
3. There are roads which must not be followed,
armies which must be not attacked, towns which must
be besieged, positions which must not be contested,
commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages
that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle
his troops.
5. The general who does not understand these, may be well
acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he
will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.
6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art
of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted
with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use
of his men.
7. Hence in the wise leader's plans, considerations of
advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.
8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in
this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential
part of our schemes.
9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties
we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate
ourselves from misfortune.
10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage
on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them
constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements,
and make them rush to any given point.
11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the
likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness
to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking,
but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.
12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect
a general:
(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
(4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;
(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him
to worry and trouble.
13. These are the five besetting sins of a general,
ruinous to the conduct of war.
14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain,
the cause will surely be found among these five
dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of
encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.
Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood
of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb
heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away
from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its
onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream.
It will be best to let half the army get across,
and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go
to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing
the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.
So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern
should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should
have water and grass near you, and get your back
to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible
position with rising ground to your right and on your rear,
so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind.
So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military
knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish
four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny
places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard
ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind,
and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the
sunny side, with the slope on your right rear.
Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers
and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country,
a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked
with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs
with torrents running between, deep natural hollows,
confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses,
should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should
get the enemy to approach them; while we face them,
we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should
be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass,
hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick
undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched;
for these are places where men in ambush or insidious
spies are likely to be lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet,
he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle,
he is anxious for the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access,
he is tendering a bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the
enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens
in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign
of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden
attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column,
it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low,
but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach
of infantry. When it branches out in different directions,
it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood.
A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army
is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs
that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language
and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he
will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take
up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy
is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant
indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers
fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating,
it is a lure.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears,
they are faint from want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin
by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and
makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied.
Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's
authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted
about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry,
it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills
its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their
cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they
will not return to their tents, you may know that they
are determined to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small
knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection
amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is
at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray
a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright
at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths,
it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain
facing ours for a long time without either joining
battle or taking themselves off again, the situation
is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy,
that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack
can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all
our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy,
and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light
of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown
attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and,
unless submissive, then will be practically useless.
If, when the soldiers have become attached to you,
punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first
instance with humanity, but kept under control by means
of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually
enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not,
its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always
insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
X. TERRAIN
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain,
to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground;
(3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous
heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides
is called accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before
the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots,
and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you
will be able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard
to re-occupy is called entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy
is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him.
But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you
fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible,
disaster will ensue.
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain
by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy
should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable
not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing
the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has
come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy
them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await
the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass,
do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned,
but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are
beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the
raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you,
do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from
the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal,
it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be
to your disadvantage.
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth.
The general who has attained a responsible post must be
careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities,
not arising from natural causes, but from faults
for which the general is responsible. These are:
(1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin;
(5) disorganization; (6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is
hurled against another ten times its size, the result
will be the flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and
their officers too weak, the result is insubordination.
When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers
too weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate,
and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account
from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief
can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight,
the result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority;
when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there
are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,
and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner,
the result is utter disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's
strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one,
or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one,
and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank,
the result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must
be carefully noted by the general who has attained
a responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's
best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary,
of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly
calculating difficulties, dangers and distances,
constitutes the test of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts
his knowledge into practice, will win his battles.
He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely
be defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory,
then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it;
if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not
fight even at the ruler's bidding.
24. The general who advances without coveting fame
and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only
thought is to protect his country and do good service
for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they
will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them
as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you
even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make
your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce
your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder:
then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children;
they are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition
to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open
to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack,
but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition
to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack,
and also know that our men are in a condition to attack,
but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes
fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway
towards victory.
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion,
is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never
at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and
know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt;
if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
victory complete.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:
(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;
(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;
(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground;
(9) desperate ground.
2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,
it is dispersive ground.
3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory,
but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
4. Ground the possession of which imports great
advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement
is open ground.
6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,
so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire
at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a
hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities
in its rear, it is serious ground.
8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all
country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,
and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths,
so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush
a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
10. Ground on which we can only be saved from
destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.
On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,
attack not.
12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.
On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands
with your allies.
13. On serious ground, gather in plunder.
In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.
14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.
On desperate ground, fight.
15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew
how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;
to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions;
to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,
the officers from rallying their men.
16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed
to keep them in disorder.
17. When it was to their advantage, they made
a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy
in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,
I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your
opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of
the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,
and attack unguarded spots.
20. The following are the principles to be observed
by an invading force: The further you penetrate into
a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops,
and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply
your army with food.
22. Carefully study the well-being of your men,
and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard
your strength. Keep your army continually on the move,
and devise unfathomable plans.
23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there
is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.
If they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth
their uttermost strength.
24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose
the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge,
they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country,
they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help
for it, they will fight hard.
25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers
will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to
be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,
they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can
be trusted.
26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with
superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes,
no calamity need be feared.
27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money,
it is not because they have a distaste for riches;
if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they
are disinclined to longevity.
28. On the day they are ordered out to battle,
your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing
their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,
and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the
shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found
in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you
will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you
will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,
and you will be attacked by head and tail both.
30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan,
I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men
of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river
in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come
to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust
in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot
wheels in the ground
32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set
up one standard of courage which all must reach.
33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that
is a question involving the proper use of ground.
34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just
as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by
the hand.
35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus
ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.
36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men
by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them
in total ignorance.
37. By altering his arrangements and changing
his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.
By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army
acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks
away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep
into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;
like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives
his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going.
40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this
may be termed the business of the general.
41. The different measures suited to the nine
varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or
defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:
these are things that must most certainly be studied.
42. When invading hostile territory, the general
principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion;
penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
43. When you leave your own country behind, and take
your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself
on critical ground. When there are means of communication
on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is
serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way,
it is facile ground.
45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,
and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground.
When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire
my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would
see that there is close connection between all parts
of my army.
47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye
on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways,
I would consolidate my alliances.
49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure
a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground,
I would keep pushing on along the road.
50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way
of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim
to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer
an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he
has fallen into danger.
52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring
princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are
not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,
its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account
unless we make use of local guides.
53. To be ignored of any one of the following four
or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.
54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state,
his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration
of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents,
and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states.
He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his
antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their
cities and overthrow their kingdoms.
56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
issue orders without regard to previous arrangements;
and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
you had to do with but a single man.
57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself;
never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright,
bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when
the situation is gloomy.
58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive;
plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off
in safety.
59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.
60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully
accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.
61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall
succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing
by sheer cunning.
63. On the day that you take up your command,
block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies,
and stop the passage of all emissaries.
64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you
may control the situation.
65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,
and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate
yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.
68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden,
until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate
the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late
for the enemy to oppose you.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE
1. Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking
with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;
the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn
baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;
the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have
means available. The material for raising fire should
always be kept in readiness.
3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire,
and special days for starting a conflagration.
4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry;
the special days are those when the moon is in the
constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing
or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared
to meet five possible developments:
6. (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp,
respond at once with an attack from without.
7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's
soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height,
follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable;
if not, stay where you are.
9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire
from without, do not wait for it to break out within,
but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.
10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it.
Do not attack from the leeward.
11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long,
but a night breeze soon falls.
12. In every army, the five developments connected with
fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated,
and a watch kept for the proper days.
13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted,
but not robbed of all his belongings.
15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his
battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating
the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time
and general stagnation.
16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his
plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.
17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not
your troops unless there is something to be gained;
fight not unless the position is critical.
18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely
to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight
a battle simply out of pique.
19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move;
if not, stay where you are.
20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may
be succeeded by content.
21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can
never come again into being; nor can the dead ever
be brought back to life.
22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful,
and the good general full of caution. This is the way
to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand
men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss
on the people and a drain on the resources of the State.
The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces
of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.
As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded
in their labor.
2. Hostile armies may face each other for years,
striving for the victory which is decided in a single day.
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's
condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height
of inhumanity.
3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present
help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good
general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond
the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits;
it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,
nor by any deductive calculation.
6. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only
be obtained from other men.
7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes:
(1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;
(4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work,
none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine
manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's
most precious faculty.
9. Having local spies means employing the services
of the inhabitants of a district.
10. Having inward spies, making use of officials
of the enemy.
11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's
spies and using them for our own purposes.
12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly
for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know
of them and report them to the enemy.
13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring
back news from the enemy's camp.
14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are
more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.
None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other
business should greater secrecy be preserved.
15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain
intuitive sagacity.
16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence
and straightforwardness.
17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make
certain of the truth of their reports.
18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every
kind of business.
19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy
before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together
with the man to whom the secret was told.
20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm
a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general
in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us
must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted
spies and available for our service.
22. It is through the information brought by the
converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ
local and inward spies.
23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can
cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving
spy can be used on appointed occasions.
25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties
is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.
Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
with the utmost liberality.
26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I
Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise
of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
under the Yin.
27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the
wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
great results. Spies are a most important element in water,
because on them depends an army's ability to move.
[To Chinese text|To Top]
[END - Sun Tzu on the Art of War, text-only]
Monitor LCD Vs CRT
Menurut kawan-kawan bagaimana perbandingan antara monitor LCD vs CRT ? Silahkan posting disini perbandingan teknis, daya tahan, resolusi gambar, dan sebagainya dari kedua monitor tersebut.
Kalau menurut saya, sampai sekarang saya bertahan memakai CRT sampai LCD mampu menampilkan pixel yang lebih bagus dan gradasi warna yang tepat. Dan nampaknya, bahkan perusahaan sebesar Sony yang jago mengkalibrasi warna pada monitor, mengalah, karena tidak bisa mengukur dengan tepat gradasi warna hitam di LCD ( warna hitam di LCD cenderung bergradasi gelap gray), misteri yang tidak terpecahkan, dan sampai sekarang gradasi warna masih tetap dimenangkan monitor CRT. Udah gitu dead pixel di LCD sangat rentan terjadi, sehingga menyulitkan bagi penggemar editing gambar.
Kedua, meski hemat listrik karena tidak mengandalkan tripod penembak elektro yang butuh daya listrik besar, liquid ceramic LCD tidak mampu menembakkan cahaya secara merata. akibatnya harus dibayar dengan angle view kecil (beda kalo diliat di sudut yang berbeda), perpendaran cahaya juga berubah kalau dirubah jarak dan sudut pandang, detail viewnya menjadi aneh, akibatnya saya tidak bisa mengukur ketepatan grafis ketika menggunakan aplikasi GIMP untuk mengedit gambar.
Ketiga, untuk bermain game online, saya kadang berkunjung ke warnet teman yang memasang game online, saya masih merasa lebih refleks bermain FPS dengan monitor CRT dibanding LCD, karena ketajaman, dan pergerakan gambar masih lebih nyaman di CRT. Bagi beberapa orang hal ini tidak menjadi masalah, cuma kendala yang saya rasakan, penumpukan pixel yang jelek pada LCD, menyebabkan akurasi saat maen FPS jadi aneh.
From Milis tetangga
Kalau menurut saya, sampai sekarang saya bertahan memakai CRT sampai LCD mampu menampilkan pixel yang lebih bagus dan gradasi warna yang tepat. Dan nampaknya, bahkan perusahaan sebesar Sony yang jago mengkalibrasi warna pada monitor, mengalah, karena tidak bisa mengukur dengan tepat gradasi warna hitam di LCD ( warna hitam di LCD cenderung bergradasi gelap gray), misteri yang tidak terpecahkan, dan sampai sekarang gradasi warna masih tetap dimenangkan monitor CRT. Udah gitu dead pixel di LCD sangat rentan terjadi, sehingga menyulitkan bagi penggemar editing gambar.
Kedua, meski hemat listrik karena tidak mengandalkan tripod penembak elektro yang butuh daya listrik besar, liquid ceramic LCD tidak mampu menembakkan cahaya secara merata. akibatnya harus dibayar dengan angle view kecil (beda kalo diliat di sudut yang berbeda), perpendaran cahaya juga berubah kalau dirubah jarak dan sudut pandang, detail viewnya menjadi aneh, akibatnya saya tidak bisa mengukur ketepatan grafis ketika menggunakan aplikasi GIMP untuk mengedit gambar.
Ketiga, untuk bermain game online, saya kadang berkunjung ke warnet teman yang memasang game online, saya masih merasa lebih refleks bermain FPS dengan monitor CRT dibanding LCD, karena ketajaman, dan pergerakan gambar masih lebih nyaman di CRT. Bagi beberapa orang hal ini tidak menjadi masalah, cuma kendala yang saya rasakan, penumpukan pixel yang jelek pada LCD, menyebabkan akurasi saat maen FPS jadi aneh.
From Milis tetangga
Tuesday, April 13, 2010
Sunday, April 11, 2010
Memalukan… Indonesia Negara Terkorup Asia Pasifik
Memalukan… Indonesia Negara Terkorup Asia Pasifik
Maret 9, 2010
Setelah cuti hampir 1 bulan, baru pertama kali dalam bulan Maret 2010 saya memulai artikel baru mengenai perkembangan korupsi Indonesia, khususnya periode 2008-2010. Dengan menggunakan data “Political & Economic Risk Consultancy” (PERC) – Hongkong dan Transfarency Internasional – Jerman, mari kita lihat perkembangan tindakan koruptif di negeri tercinta ini.
Ditengah gegap gempita pertumbuhan ekonomi yang positif pada tahun 2009 silam, ternyata Indonesia merupakan negara paling korup dari 16 negara Asia Pasifik yang menjadi tujuan investasi para pelaku bisnis. Itulah hasil survei pelaku bisnis yang dirilis Senin, 8 Maret 2010 oleh perusahaan konsultan “Political & Economic Risk Consultancy” (PERC) yang berbasis di Hong Kong [1]. Penilaian didasarkan atas pandangan ekskutif bisnis yang menjalankan usaha di 16 negara terpilih. Total responden adalah 2,174 dari berbagai kalangan eksekutif kelas menengah dan atas di Asia, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat.
“Saya akan berada paling depan dalam memberantas korupsi” - Pres. SBY
Berikut ini adalah daftar 16 Negara Terkorup di Asia Pasifik* oleh PERC 2010
1. Indonesia (terkorup)
2. Kamboja (korup)
3. Vietnam (korup)
4. Filipina (korup)
5. Thailand
6. India
7. China
8. Taiwan
9. Korea
10. Macau
11. Malaysia
12. Jepang
13. Amerika Serikat (bersih)
14. Hong Kong (bersih)
15. Australia (bersih)
16. Singapura (terbersih)
Catatan * : Negara Asia-Pasifik yang disurvei adalah negara yang memiliki kemajuan ekonomi cukup pesat di kawasannya dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.
2008
Hasil survei PERC ini menyebutkan Indonesia mencetak nilai 9,07 dari angka 10 sebagai negara paling korup 2010. Ini berarti selama 2 tahun terakhir pemerintah SBY, Indonesia mendapat citra semakin memprihatinkan dalam hal tindakan hal korupsi. Pada tahun 2008, Indonesia menduduki posisi ke-3 dengan nilai tingkat korupsi 7.98 setelah Filipina (tingkat korupsi 9.0) dan Thailand (tingkat korupsi 8.0). [2]
2009
Angka tingkat korupsi Indonesia semakin meningkat ditahun 2009 dibanding tahun 2008. Pada tahun 2009, Indonesia ‘berhasil’ menyabet prestasi sebagai negara terkorup dari 16 negara surveilances dari PERC 2009. Indonesia mendapat nilai korupsi 8.32 disusul Thailand (7.63), Kamboja (7,25), India (7,21) and Vietnam (7,11), Filipina (7,0). Sementara Singapura (1,07) , Hongkong (1,89), dan Australia (2,4) menempati tiga besar negara terbersih, meskipun ada dugaan kecurangan sektor privat. Sementara Amerika Serikat menempati urutan keempat dengan skor 2,89. [3]
Jadi, dari data PERC 2010, maka dalam kurun 2008-2010, peringkat korupsi Indonesia meningkat dari 7.98 (2008.), 8.32 (2009) dan naik menjadi 9.07 (2010) dibanding dengan 16 negara Asia Pasifik lainnya. “Prestasi” dashyat ini bukanlah hal yang mengejutkan. Apabila Pak SBY selama ini suka mengklaim keberhasilan tindakan pemberantasan korupsi KPK seolah-olah kinerja pemerintahannya, maka kasus kriminalisasi pimpinan KPK (Bibit dan Chandra) setidaknya telah menurunkan kepercayaan pengusaha atas hasrat pemerintah bersama jajarannya dalam memberantas korupsi.
Ini juga memberi bukti bahwa tidaklah elok pemerintah SBY mengklaim keberhasilan KPK sebagai keberhasilan pemerintah SBY. Karena sumber terbesar permasalahan korupsi masih berada dalam kekuasaan Presiden SBY yakni lembaga Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan. Belum lagi tindakan koruptif yang dilakukan oleh sejumlah pejabat pemerintah di berbagai instansi baik di pusat maupun daerah serta korupsi berjam’ah anggota legislatif dan kehakiman.
Sedikit Berubah, Tapi Kalah Jauh Secara Regional
Bila dalam berbagai kesempatan Presiden SBY dan tim periangnya seperti Ruhut Sitompul cs selalu ‘mencuri’ hati rakyat dengan kata-kata puji-pujian sosok SBY dalam memberantas korupsi, maka fakta sesungguhnya tidaklah secerah dan sebening serta semanis kata-kata yang sering mereka lontarkan. Selain KPK, selama ini pemberantasan korupsi berjalan ditempat, bahkan semakin mengganas di daerah-daerah. Hanya beberapa instansi pemerintah yang menerapkan kebijakan non-koruptif yang tegas, sementara mayoritas instansi lain masih mengasah ‘kemahiran’ dalam merekayasa anggaran.
Tabel Peningkatan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (IPK/CPI) Indonesia 2001-2009 (selengkapnya)
Tahun Survei Nilai IPK Indonesia Sumber TI
2001 1.9 CPI 2001
2002 1.9 CPI 2002
2003 1.9 CPI 2003
2004 2.0 CPI 2004
2005 2.2 CPI 2005
2006 2.4 CPI 2006
2007 2.3 CPI 2007
2008 2.6 CPI 2008
2009 2.8 CPI 2009
Meskipun data yang disampaikan Transfarency Internasional menunjukkan adanya sedikit peningkatan persepsi pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia, namun sesungguhnya hal ini lebih ditriger oleh lembaga KPK. Hal dapat kita lihat bahwa lembaga-lembaga terkorup justru berasal dari lembaga Kepolisian, Kejaksaan dan DPR (5 Lembaga Publik Terkorup 2008).
Merujuk hal ini, maka dapat dijelasin bahwa meskipun terjadi peningkatan persepsi pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia, namun secara regional pemberantasan korupsi Indonesia berjalan mandeg dibanding negara-negara tetangga. Salah satu permasalahan utama adalah reformasi birokrasi yang berjalan mandeg. Reformasi birokrasi di pemerintahan dan lembaga penegak hukum sekilas hanya lips service semata. Tidak ada perubahan mendasar, kecuali perubahan dikulitnya.
“Hampir Semua Pejabat Itu Korupsi ” – Mahfud MD
Derap langkah penegakkan hukum di Indonesia seakan terhenti. Hal itu salah satunya dikarenakan masih banyaknya prilaku koruptif yang ditonjolkan pejabat Indonesia. Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi M Mahfud MD dalam diskusi ‘Akar-akar Mafia Peradilan di Indonesia (18 Feb 2010) mengatakan bahwa , “Hampir semua pejabat itu korupsi,”.
Hal ini dikarenakan birokrasi penegakkan hukum di Indonesia yang masih buruk. Sehingga memberi peluang para pejabat untuk melakukan korupsi. Dan ironisnya, belum ada satu pun Presiden yang mampu memperbaikinya, termasuk Pres. SBY. Inilah kenapa korupsi banyak terjadi bahkan menjamur di berbagai level. [4]
Catatan akhir :
Dalam berbagai event, kita sangat mengharapkan dapat meraih peringkat nomor satu. Namun prestasi yang satu ini sangat memalukan, karena Indonesia berdiri nomor 1 sebagai negara terkorup dari 16 negara dengan ekonomi sentral kawasan. Sudah saatnya, segenap bangsa mulai bercermin diri. Mulai memperbaiki diri, memperbaiki birokrasi, memperbaiki mental. Karena sesungguhnya, bukanlah tindakan korupsi itu berbahaya, namun yang lebih berbahaya adalah mental korup itu sendiri. Korup mulai dari materi, waktu, hingga integritas.
Sudah saatnya kita kembali mempelajari pemikiran yang luar biasa para tokoh bangsa yang pernah ada di Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah Wapres I Indonesia sekaligus Proklamator bangsa Indonesia Bung Hatta. Dia mungkin satu-satunya Wapres yang tidak pernah korup secuilpun baik materi maupun mental. Selama hidupnya Bung Hatta lebih memilih hidup sederhana demi menjaga nama baik bangsa Indonesia. Bung Hatta telah mengorbankan dirinya bagi negeri ini. Dan yang membuat saya begitu respect sama Bung Hatta adalah kisahnya sebagai seorang Wakil Presiden RI yang juga bapak proklamator harus menabung untuk membeli sepatu “bally”, tapi…. hingga akhirnya hayatnya ia harus memendam cita-citanya!
Salam Nusantaraku,
ech-wan, 9 Mar 2010
Maret 9, 2010
Setelah cuti hampir 1 bulan, baru pertama kali dalam bulan Maret 2010 saya memulai artikel baru mengenai perkembangan korupsi Indonesia, khususnya periode 2008-2010. Dengan menggunakan data “Political & Economic Risk Consultancy” (PERC) – Hongkong dan Transfarency Internasional – Jerman, mari kita lihat perkembangan tindakan koruptif di negeri tercinta ini.
Ditengah gegap gempita pertumbuhan ekonomi yang positif pada tahun 2009 silam, ternyata Indonesia merupakan negara paling korup dari 16 negara Asia Pasifik yang menjadi tujuan investasi para pelaku bisnis. Itulah hasil survei pelaku bisnis yang dirilis Senin, 8 Maret 2010 oleh perusahaan konsultan “Political & Economic Risk Consultancy” (PERC) yang berbasis di Hong Kong [1]. Penilaian didasarkan atas pandangan ekskutif bisnis yang menjalankan usaha di 16 negara terpilih. Total responden adalah 2,174 dari berbagai kalangan eksekutif kelas menengah dan atas di Asia, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat.
“Saya akan berada paling depan dalam memberantas korupsi” - Pres. SBY
Berikut ini adalah daftar 16 Negara Terkorup di Asia Pasifik* oleh PERC 2010
1. Indonesia (terkorup)
2. Kamboja (korup)
3. Vietnam (korup)
4. Filipina (korup)
5. Thailand
6. India
7. China
8. Taiwan
9. Korea
10. Macau
11. Malaysia
12. Jepang
13. Amerika Serikat (bersih)
14. Hong Kong (bersih)
15. Australia (bersih)
16. Singapura (terbersih)
Catatan * : Negara Asia-Pasifik yang disurvei adalah negara yang memiliki kemajuan ekonomi cukup pesat di kawasannya dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.
2008
Hasil survei PERC ini menyebutkan Indonesia mencetak nilai 9,07 dari angka 10 sebagai negara paling korup 2010. Ini berarti selama 2 tahun terakhir pemerintah SBY, Indonesia mendapat citra semakin memprihatinkan dalam hal tindakan hal korupsi. Pada tahun 2008, Indonesia menduduki posisi ke-3 dengan nilai tingkat korupsi 7.98 setelah Filipina (tingkat korupsi 9.0) dan Thailand (tingkat korupsi 8.0). [2]
2009
Angka tingkat korupsi Indonesia semakin meningkat ditahun 2009 dibanding tahun 2008. Pada tahun 2009, Indonesia ‘berhasil’ menyabet prestasi sebagai negara terkorup dari 16 negara surveilances dari PERC 2009. Indonesia mendapat nilai korupsi 8.32 disusul Thailand (7.63), Kamboja (7,25), India (7,21) and Vietnam (7,11), Filipina (7,0). Sementara Singapura (1,07) , Hongkong (1,89), dan Australia (2,4) menempati tiga besar negara terbersih, meskipun ada dugaan kecurangan sektor privat. Sementara Amerika Serikat menempati urutan keempat dengan skor 2,89. [3]
Jadi, dari data PERC 2010, maka dalam kurun 2008-2010, peringkat korupsi Indonesia meningkat dari 7.98 (2008.), 8.32 (2009) dan naik menjadi 9.07 (2010) dibanding dengan 16 negara Asia Pasifik lainnya. “Prestasi” dashyat ini bukanlah hal yang mengejutkan. Apabila Pak SBY selama ini suka mengklaim keberhasilan tindakan pemberantasan korupsi KPK seolah-olah kinerja pemerintahannya, maka kasus kriminalisasi pimpinan KPK (Bibit dan Chandra) setidaknya telah menurunkan kepercayaan pengusaha atas hasrat pemerintah bersama jajarannya dalam memberantas korupsi.
Ini juga memberi bukti bahwa tidaklah elok pemerintah SBY mengklaim keberhasilan KPK sebagai keberhasilan pemerintah SBY. Karena sumber terbesar permasalahan korupsi masih berada dalam kekuasaan Presiden SBY yakni lembaga Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan. Belum lagi tindakan koruptif yang dilakukan oleh sejumlah pejabat pemerintah di berbagai instansi baik di pusat maupun daerah serta korupsi berjam’ah anggota legislatif dan kehakiman.
Sedikit Berubah, Tapi Kalah Jauh Secara Regional
Bila dalam berbagai kesempatan Presiden SBY dan tim periangnya seperti Ruhut Sitompul cs selalu ‘mencuri’ hati rakyat dengan kata-kata puji-pujian sosok SBY dalam memberantas korupsi, maka fakta sesungguhnya tidaklah secerah dan sebening serta semanis kata-kata yang sering mereka lontarkan. Selain KPK, selama ini pemberantasan korupsi berjalan ditempat, bahkan semakin mengganas di daerah-daerah. Hanya beberapa instansi pemerintah yang menerapkan kebijakan non-koruptif yang tegas, sementara mayoritas instansi lain masih mengasah ‘kemahiran’ dalam merekayasa anggaran.
Tabel Peningkatan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (IPK/CPI) Indonesia 2001-2009 (selengkapnya)
Tahun Survei Nilai IPK Indonesia Sumber TI
2001 1.9 CPI 2001
2002 1.9 CPI 2002
2003 1.9 CPI 2003
2004 2.0 CPI 2004
2005 2.2 CPI 2005
2006 2.4 CPI 2006
2007 2.3 CPI 2007
2008 2.6 CPI 2008
2009 2.8 CPI 2009
Meskipun data yang disampaikan Transfarency Internasional menunjukkan adanya sedikit peningkatan persepsi pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia, namun sesungguhnya hal ini lebih ditriger oleh lembaga KPK. Hal dapat kita lihat bahwa lembaga-lembaga terkorup justru berasal dari lembaga Kepolisian, Kejaksaan dan DPR (5 Lembaga Publik Terkorup 2008).
Merujuk hal ini, maka dapat dijelasin bahwa meskipun terjadi peningkatan persepsi pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia, namun secara regional pemberantasan korupsi Indonesia berjalan mandeg dibanding negara-negara tetangga. Salah satu permasalahan utama adalah reformasi birokrasi yang berjalan mandeg. Reformasi birokrasi di pemerintahan dan lembaga penegak hukum sekilas hanya lips service semata. Tidak ada perubahan mendasar, kecuali perubahan dikulitnya.
“Hampir Semua Pejabat Itu Korupsi ” – Mahfud MD
Derap langkah penegakkan hukum di Indonesia seakan terhenti. Hal itu salah satunya dikarenakan masih banyaknya prilaku koruptif yang ditonjolkan pejabat Indonesia. Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi M Mahfud MD dalam diskusi ‘Akar-akar Mafia Peradilan di Indonesia (18 Feb 2010) mengatakan bahwa , “Hampir semua pejabat itu korupsi,”.
Hal ini dikarenakan birokrasi penegakkan hukum di Indonesia yang masih buruk. Sehingga memberi peluang para pejabat untuk melakukan korupsi. Dan ironisnya, belum ada satu pun Presiden yang mampu memperbaikinya, termasuk Pres. SBY. Inilah kenapa korupsi banyak terjadi bahkan menjamur di berbagai level. [4]
Catatan akhir :
Dalam berbagai event, kita sangat mengharapkan dapat meraih peringkat nomor satu. Namun prestasi yang satu ini sangat memalukan, karena Indonesia berdiri nomor 1 sebagai negara terkorup dari 16 negara dengan ekonomi sentral kawasan. Sudah saatnya, segenap bangsa mulai bercermin diri. Mulai memperbaiki diri, memperbaiki birokrasi, memperbaiki mental. Karena sesungguhnya, bukanlah tindakan korupsi itu berbahaya, namun yang lebih berbahaya adalah mental korup itu sendiri. Korup mulai dari materi, waktu, hingga integritas.
Sudah saatnya kita kembali mempelajari pemikiran yang luar biasa para tokoh bangsa yang pernah ada di Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah Wapres I Indonesia sekaligus Proklamator bangsa Indonesia Bung Hatta. Dia mungkin satu-satunya Wapres yang tidak pernah korup secuilpun baik materi maupun mental. Selama hidupnya Bung Hatta lebih memilih hidup sederhana demi menjaga nama baik bangsa Indonesia. Bung Hatta telah mengorbankan dirinya bagi negeri ini. Dan yang membuat saya begitu respect sama Bung Hatta adalah kisahnya sebagai seorang Wakil Presiden RI yang juga bapak proklamator harus menabung untuk membeli sepatu “bally”, tapi…. hingga akhirnya hayatnya ia harus memendam cita-citanya!
Salam Nusantaraku,
ech-wan, 9 Mar 2010
Saturday, April 10, 2010
Friday, April 09, 2010
Thursday, April 08, 2010
Tuesday, April 06, 2010
Harga Pokok Penjualan
Harga pokok dikenal dengan nama singkatnya “HPP” adalah salah satu komponen dari laporan laba rugi, yang menjadi perhatian manajemen perusahaan dalam mengendalikan operasional perusahaan. Bila berbicara mengenai HPP, kita temukan 3 macam harga pokok yaitu harga pokok persediaan, harga pokok produksi dan harga pokok penjualan. Ketiganya adalah komponen yang yang saling terkait namun bila kita mendengar perkataan HPP, maka kita harus konsen mana yang dimaksudkan. Permasalahan itu timbul karena perbedaan kebutuhan masing-masing tingkat manajemen. Manajer bagian pembelian (Purchase Manager) lebih fokus pada harga pokok persediaan, manajer produksi (production manager) atau manajer operasional (Operation Manager) lebih focus pada harga pokok produksi. Manajemen tingkat puncak tentunya akan lebih cenderung focus pada harga pokok penjualan.
Komponen yang paling besar dalam operasional perusahaan pada perusahaan dagang maupun perusahaan industri adalah persediaan. Karena harga pokok persediaan adalah bagian dari persediaan yang telah digunakan, Jadi perhatian lebih besar ditujukan pada harga pokok persediaan cukup beralasan. Namun hal itu tidak cukup bagi manajer operasional karena komponen biaya produksi baik biaya tenaga kerja langsung maupun biaya overhead pabrik juga merupakan komponen penting yang berada dalam ruang lingkup tugasnya. Karena itu manajer produksi atau manajer operasional pada perusahaan industri akan focus pada harga pokok produksi yaitu Harga pokok persediaan ditambah biaya produksi. Perusahaan Jasa tidak memiliki kedua komponen tersebut sehingga pada perusahaan jasa jelas hanya harga pokok yang terdiri dari biaya biaya operasional.
Walaupun harga pokok adalah bagian dari laporan laba rugi namun laporan harga pokok juga dilaporkan secara terpisah. Bentuk laporan harga pokok disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan manajemen dan metode akuntansi yang dipilih. Metode pepertual inventory adalah metode yang banyak digunakan pada system akuntansi computer namun masih banyak akuntan yang sangat familiar dengan metode Phisikal Inventori. Metode phisikal inventori semakin ditinggalkan karena system akuntansi computer dengan metode perpetual dapat memberikan informasi setiap saat tanpa harus menunggu perhitungan fisik persediaan bahkan dapat menampilkan hasil perhitungan harga pokok untuk suatu product yang akan diproduksi. Dengan demikian diperoleh laporan harga pokok dalam bentuk rencana dan laporan harga pokok realisasi.
Laporan Harga Pokok.
Laporan harga pokok adalah sebuah kertas kerja berupa perhitungan secara sistematis. Pada sistem akuntansi Manual biasanya hanya ditampilkan secara periodik namun sistem akuntansi komputer dengan menerapkan metode perpetual inventory dapat menghasilkan informasi secara visual kapan saja. Hal ini dapat dilakukan karena metode perpetual melakukan perhitungan berdasarkan transakasi yang telah di catat ke sistem komputer sedangkan metode Phisik melakukan perhitungan berdasarkan selisih antara persediaan awal ditambah mutasi dan dikurangi dengan sisa. Untuk mendapatkan sisa tentunya melalui perhitungan Phisik. Metode Phisik biasanya hanya menampilkan HPP secara keseluruhan pada satu periode tertentu sedangkan metode perpetual menghasilkan laporan HPP secara spesifik misalnya untuk satu produk tertentu.
Untuk memahami komponen dari harga pokok, perhatikan hubungan komponen-komponen berikut :
• Harga pokok penjualan = Harga Pokok Produksi + Biaya penjualan
• Harga Pokok Produksi = Harga Pokok Persediaan + Biaya Produksi
• Harga Pokok Persediaan = Bagian Persediaan Bahan Baku yang digunakan dalam Proses Produksi.
• Persediaan = Pembelian bahan baku + biaya pembelian
• Biaya penjualan = Biaya-biaya yang diperlukan untuk menjual
• Biaya Produksi = biaya tenaga kerja + Biaya overhead pabrik
Selanjutnya Komponen-komponet dapat kita susun secara hirarchi sbb:
Harga Pokok Penjualan :
*
Harga Pokok Produksi
o
Harga Pokok Persediaan
+
Biaya bahan baku yang dipakai
+
Biaya pembelian
o
Biaya Tenaga kerja lanhsung
o
Biaya overhead pabrik
+
Biaya bahan pembantu/penolong
+
Biaya tenaga kerja tidak langsung
+
Biaya listrik dan penerangan pabrik
+
Biaya penyusutan gedung Pabrik
+
Biaya penyusutan Mesin
+
Biaya proses produksi lainnya
o
Biaya Penjualan
+
Biaya pengepakan
+
Ongkos angkut penjualan (Biaya Delivery)
+
Biaya Penjualan lainnya
Pada sistem akuntansi komputer komponen tersebut langsung disusun dalam klasifikasi rekening buku besar.
Pada metode Phisical Inventory disusun sbb:
Barang Jadi Awal, 1 Jan yyyy
Barang Jadi awal
* Barang Dalam Proses Awal, 1 Jan yyyy
o Pemakaian Bahan Baku
+ Bahanbaku awal ,1 jan
+ Pembelian Bahan baku
# Biaya angkut pembelian
# Retur Pembelian
Pembelian Bersih
+ Bahan baku yang tersedia Utk Dipakai
+ Bahan Baku Akhir 31 Des
Harga Pokok Bahan Baku yg dipakai
*
o Biaya tenaga kerja Langsung
o Biaya Overhead Pabrik
+ Bahan Pembantu/Penolong
+ Biaya tenaga kerja tak Langsung
+ Biaya listrik & Penerangan Pabrik
+ Penyusutan Gedung Pabrik
+ Penyusutan mesin
+ Asuransi pabrik
+ Biaya Pabrikasi lainya
Jumlah Biaya Overhead
* Barang Dalam Proses Akhir, 31 Des
Harga Pokok Produksi
* Barang yang terdia untuk dijual
Barang jadi 31 Des yyyy
Jumlah Barang yg Dijual
Biaya Penjualan
*
Biaya Pengepakan
*
Ongkos angkut Penjualan
*
Komisi Penjualan
*
Biaya Penjualan Lainnya
Jumlah Biaya Penjualan
Jumlah Harga Pokok Penjualan
Komponen yang paling besar dalam operasional perusahaan pada perusahaan dagang maupun perusahaan industri adalah persediaan. Karena harga pokok persediaan adalah bagian dari persediaan yang telah digunakan, Jadi perhatian lebih besar ditujukan pada harga pokok persediaan cukup beralasan. Namun hal itu tidak cukup bagi manajer operasional karena komponen biaya produksi baik biaya tenaga kerja langsung maupun biaya overhead pabrik juga merupakan komponen penting yang berada dalam ruang lingkup tugasnya. Karena itu manajer produksi atau manajer operasional pada perusahaan industri akan focus pada harga pokok produksi yaitu Harga pokok persediaan ditambah biaya produksi. Perusahaan Jasa tidak memiliki kedua komponen tersebut sehingga pada perusahaan jasa jelas hanya harga pokok yang terdiri dari biaya biaya operasional.
Walaupun harga pokok adalah bagian dari laporan laba rugi namun laporan harga pokok juga dilaporkan secara terpisah. Bentuk laporan harga pokok disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan manajemen dan metode akuntansi yang dipilih. Metode pepertual inventory adalah metode yang banyak digunakan pada system akuntansi computer namun masih banyak akuntan yang sangat familiar dengan metode Phisikal Inventori. Metode phisikal inventori semakin ditinggalkan karena system akuntansi computer dengan metode perpetual dapat memberikan informasi setiap saat tanpa harus menunggu perhitungan fisik persediaan bahkan dapat menampilkan hasil perhitungan harga pokok untuk suatu product yang akan diproduksi. Dengan demikian diperoleh laporan harga pokok dalam bentuk rencana dan laporan harga pokok realisasi.
Laporan Harga Pokok.
Laporan harga pokok adalah sebuah kertas kerja berupa perhitungan secara sistematis. Pada sistem akuntansi Manual biasanya hanya ditampilkan secara periodik namun sistem akuntansi komputer dengan menerapkan metode perpetual inventory dapat menghasilkan informasi secara visual kapan saja. Hal ini dapat dilakukan karena metode perpetual melakukan perhitungan berdasarkan transakasi yang telah di catat ke sistem komputer sedangkan metode Phisik melakukan perhitungan berdasarkan selisih antara persediaan awal ditambah mutasi dan dikurangi dengan sisa. Untuk mendapatkan sisa tentunya melalui perhitungan Phisik. Metode Phisik biasanya hanya menampilkan HPP secara keseluruhan pada satu periode tertentu sedangkan metode perpetual menghasilkan laporan HPP secara spesifik misalnya untuk satu produk tertentu.
Untuk memahami komponen dari harga pokok, perhatikan hubungan komponen-komponen berikut :
• Harga pokok penjualan = Harga Pokok Produksi + Biaya penjualan
• Harga Pokok Produksi = Harga Pokok Persediaan + Biaya Produksi
• Harga Pokok Persediaan = Bagian Persediaan Bahan Baku yang digunakan dalam Proses Produksi.
• Persediaan = Pembelian bahan baku + biaya pembelian
• Biaya penjualan = Biaya-biaya yang diperlukan untuk menjual
• Biaya Produksi = biaya tenaga kerja + Biaya overhead pabrik
Selanjutnya Komponen-komponet dapat kita susun secara hirarchi sbb:
Harga Pokok Penjualan :
*
Harga Pokok Produksi
o
Harga Pokok Persediaan
+
Biaya bahan baku yang dipakai
+
Biaya pembelian
o
Biaya Tenaga kerja lanhsung
o
Biaya overhead pabrik
+
Biaya bahan pembantu/penolong
+
Biaya tenaga kerja tidak langsung
+
Biaya listrik dan penerangan pabrik
+
Biaya penyusutan gedung Pabrik
+
Biaya penyusutan Mesin
+
Biaya proses produksi lainnya
o
Biaya Penjualan
+
Biaya pengepakan
+
Ongkos angkut penjualan (Biaya Delivery)
+
Biaya Penjualan lainnya
Pada sistem akuntansi komputer komponen tersebut langsung disusun dalam klasifikasi rekening buku besar.
Pada metode Phisical Inventory disusun sbb:
Barang Jadi Awal, 1 Jan yyyy
Barang Jadi awal
* Barang Dalam Proses Awal, 1 Jan yyyy
o Pemakaian Bahan Baku
+ Bahanbaku awal ,1 jan
+ Pembelian Bahan baku
# Biaya angkut pembelian
# Retur Pembelian
Pembelian Bersih
+ Bahan baku yang tersedia Utk Dipakai
+ Bahan Baku Akhir 31 Des
Harga Pokok Bahan Baku yg dipakai
*
o Biaya tenaga kerja Langsung
o Biaya Overhead Pabrik
+ Bahan Pembantu/Penolong
+ Biaya tenaga kerja tak Langsung
+ Biaya listrik & Penerangan Pabrik
+ Penyusutan Gedung Pabrik
+ Penyusutan mesin
+ Asuransi pabrik
+ Biaya Pabrikasi lainya
Jumlah Biaya Overhead
* Barang Dalam Proses Akhir, 31 Des
Harga Pokok Produksi
* Barang yang terdia untuk dijual
Barang jadi 31 Des yyyy
Jumlah Barang yg Dijual
Biaya Penjualan
*
Biaya Pengepakan
*
Ongkos angkut Penjualan
*
Komisi Penjualan
*
Biaya Penjualan Lainnya
Jumlah Biaya Penjualan
Jumlah Harga Pokok Penjualan
Sunday, April 04, 2010
Awas, Filter Rokok Mengandung Unsur Darah Babi!

Mungkin Anda berpikir sudah mengetahui semua hal yang negative tentang rokok. Tapi tunggu dulu, fakta terbaru ini bisa jadi akan mengagetkan Anda. Studi terbaru tentang rokok yang dilakukan University of Sidney menemukan, bahwa rokok menunjukkan kandungan darah babi.
Profesor Simon Chapman dari University of Sydney mengatakan, penelitian di Belanda baru-baru mengidentifikasi 185 menggunakan unsur yang berbeda dari babi - termasuk penggunaan hemoglobin dalam filter rokok. "Komunitas Islam dan Yahudi tentu menganggap masalah ini sangat serius, termasuk kaum vegetarian," kata Simon Chapman dari Universitas Sydney. Muslim dan Yahudi keduanya memiliki ajaran melarang konsumsi daging babi.
Menurut studi baru-baru ini, hemoglobin babi, protein darah, digunakan dalam rokok untuk membuat filter lebih efektif berfungsi sebagai perangkap bahan kimia berbahaya sebelum asap rokok masuk ke paru-paru seorang perokok. Chapman mengatakan bahwa tidak ada cara untuk mengetahui dengan pasti merek mana yang menggunakan hemoglobin babi.
Jika Anda seorang perokok, dan Anda seorang Muslim atau Yahudi, maka Anda ingin mengetahui rokok yang Anda hisap mengandung unsure hemoglobin babi atau tidak. Tapi sejauh ini tidak ada cara untuk mengetahuinya karena perusahaan rokok tidak transparan dan merahasiakan bahan-bahan yang digunakannya, terang Chapman.
Penemuan dari berbagai tempat, lebih dari 100 juta orang Arab Muslim dalam situasi yang sangat tergantung pada rokok. Meski fatwa tentang larangan rokok sudah diterbitkan, tidak banyak membantu menghentikan para perokok. Dan mungkin, fakta terakhir ini lebih membantu orang untuk berhenti merokok.
Filter rokok dibuat bertujuan untuk mengurangi jumlah asap yang dihirup. Pertama kali ditemukan oleh Boris Aivaz Hongaria pada tahun 1925. Rokok yang disaring pertama diproduksi pada tahun 1927. Pada tahun 1935, sebuah perusahaan Inggris mulai mengembangkan sebuah mesin yang memproduksi rokok filter. Pada tahun 1960-an, sebagian besar rokok telah berfilter. Filter rokok terbuat dari bahan halus yang disebut selulosa asetat, diekstrak dari kertas krep. Tapi ternyata itu belum semua, ada bahan-bahan tersembunyi yang masih tidak diketahui oleh publik.
Managemen Waktu
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